Back to Basics: Revision of Coccolithophore Species List in the Adriatic Sea
1
Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
2
Laboratory of Plankton and Shellfish Toxicity, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, 21000 Split, Croatia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2023, 15(3), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15030603
Submission received: 30 December 2022
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Revised: 26 January 2023
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Accepted: 29 January 2023
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Published: 3 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Phytoplankton Diversity)
Abstract
:Coccolithophores are unicellular marine algae belonging to the haptophyte group, characterized by the production of intricate calcium carbonate plates that adorn their cells and exhibit species-specific morphology. The Adriatic Sea has historically been the type locality of numerous phytoplankton species, including coccolithophores. However, since the initial description, many species have not been recorded during the frequent phytoplankton surveys in the Adriatic Sea. This was mainly because these surveys did not use electron microscopy, which is necessary for accurate species identification. In this study, we re-evaluate the coccolithophore species lists using historical records and compare them with recent surveys in the coastal and open waters of the Adriatic Sea. In light of changes in nomenclature resulting from clarification of the species’ life cycles, we update the taxonomic list of coccolithophore species occurring in the Adriatic.
1. Introduction
Coccolithophores are single-celled algae characterized by their ability to calcify. They are part of the marine phytoplankton and are among the most important primary producers in the sea. Because of their ability to both calcify and photosynthesize, they fundamentally affect the chemistry of seawater and are one of the most important drivers of the oceanic carbon cycle and thus the Earth’s climate [1]. Coccolithophores occur in both open and coastal marine waters and sometimes form large blooms [2] which are detectable in ocean colour satellite imagery [3].
The characteristic feature of coccolithophores is their intricately shaped calcite plates, coccoliths, which adorn their cells in at least one phase of their life cycle [4]. Coccolithophores have a complex haplo-diplontic life cycle in which both haploid (with a single set of chromosomes) and diploid (with two copies of each chromosome) phases can reproduce vegetatively. Coccolith morphology differs between these two phases. In the diploid phase, coccolithophores produce heterococcoliths, plates consisting of a series of intricately shaped calcite crystals that deviate from the typical rhombohedral geometry [5]. In their haploid phase, their cells are covered with holococcoliths, nannoliths, or they do not calcify at all and have only organic scales covering their cells. Holococcoliths consist of single rhombohedral crystals, while nannoliths are calcareous structures that do not have the characteristic features of either heterococcoliths or holococcoliths.
The taxonomy of coccolithophores is based primarily on the characteristic, species-specific morphology of the coccoliths that cover their cells, the coccospheres [6]. Coccospheres bearing different types of coccoliths have been considered to belong to separate taxa because of their morphological differences, so coccolithophores of the same taxa but at different stages of their life cycle have been incorrectly classified as different species. Although the dimorphic life cycle of coccolithophores was first described by Parke and Adams [7], life cycle associations have only been clarified for ~60 coccolithophore species, representing ~20% of the described diversity, with examples distributed throughout the diversity of coccolithophores [8]. The main tool for clarifying life cycle associations is the detection of “combination cells” (coccospheres, bearing both hetero- and holoccoliths, first defined in Thomsen et al. [9]) in natural samples using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [8].
The currently known diversity of coccolithophores includes ~280 morphospecies [8], including ~60 holococcolithophores, which should probably be excluded as they likely represent the life cycle stage of heterococcolithophores [10]. Coccolithophores are most diverse in subtropical and tropical waters [11]. In northwestern Mediterranean waters, Cros and Fortuño [12] reported 168 coccolithophores (including various taxonomic and morphotypic units). In the last comprehensive review of phytoplankton species in the Adriatic Sea, Viličić et al. [13] list 95 coccolithophore species in their Table 1. However, the authors note that the species diversity of coccolithophores throughout the Mediterranean is not comparable due to differences in identification methods, suggesting that the use of SEM for coccolithophores was not widespread at the time.
In this study, we aimed to investigate and review the taxonomic work on coccolithophores in the Adriatic Sea from the early 1900s to the early 2000s. We intended to update the taxonomy of these old works with new knowledge from the biology of coccolithophores. We also aimed to provide a comprehensive picture of the current diversity of coccolithophores in the Adriatic Sea by summarising published taxonomic surveys using SEM as a gold standard for coccolithophore identification. We anticipate that our efforts to update the checklist of coccolithophore species in the Adriatic Sea will be considered an important source of information for both research and policy.
2. Materials and Methods
In our analysis of historical and modern records of diversity in the Adriatic, we followed the recommendations of the taxonomy of the Nannotax3 website [14]. This online taxonomy project was originally based on the creation of online versions of the well-established syntheses of Bown [15] and Young et al. [6] and was later updated to include data from later publications. It is a useful basis for analysis, both because it is the most up-to-date review and because an attempt has been made to make it comprehensive, including both formally described species and many informally described morphotypes that are very likely to be true species.
For the analysis of the historical record, we used the works of Steuer [16], Brunnthaler [17], Schiller [18,19,20], Kamptner [21,22], Revelante [23], and Viličić et al. [13].
In 1903, Steuer [16] conducted studies in the Gulf of Trieste, while Brunnthaler [17] studied coastal waters near Rovinj, Croatia in 1910. Schiller’s studies [18,19,20] were based on material obtained during the seasonal voyages of the research steamer “Najade”, which investigated transects in the Adriatic Sea: Venice to Rovinj, Ancona to Dugi Otok Island, Bari to Dubrovnik, Otranto to Cap Linquetta in February, May, August, and November 1912. The investigation of coccolithophores by Kamptner [21,22] was mainly related to the coastal waters of the town of Rovinj and various other places on the southwestern coast of Istria, Croatia. The investigations of the coastal waters of the town of Rovinj were carried out quantitatively for a whole year, from the beginning of May 1935 to the end of April 1936. Samples of 2 L were completely sedimented and examined by light microscopy (LM) under high magnifications (1750×, 3750×, and 6000×).
Recent studies on coccolithophores in the northern Adriatic included Cerino et al. [24], Godrijan et al. [25], and Neri et al. [26]. Cerino et al. [24] analyzed data from monthly sampling between May 2011 and February 2013 at the C1-LTER coastal station in the Gulf of Trieste. Coccolithophore composition was determined using a polarized light microscope (PLM) and an SEM. Godrijan et al. [25] analyzed the coccolithophore community on the eastern Adriatic coast from September 2008 to December 2009, sampling fortnightly at 5 m depth. Morphospecies composition was determined using an SEM. Neri et al. [26] presented the entire phytoplankton community in the surface layer using LM (Utermöhl method) for the 1988–2018 data series from offshore station SG05, located 15 nm off the Italian coast, with variable temporal frequency (monthly to quarterly).
For the middle Adriatic, coccolithophores were studied by Šupraha et al. [27,28,29], Skejić et al. [30,31], and Young et al. [32], and in all taxonomic identification was performed by SEM. The works of Šupraha et al. [27,28,29] deal with the coccolithophore community in the coastal region of the Krka estuary in February and July 2013, and quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed for the vertical profile of the coccolithophore community. In their 2018 work, Skejić et al. [30] focused on data collected in December 2015 and April 2016. The study area includes the Jabuka Pit depressions (depth 260 m) and an Italy–Croatia transect (maximum depth 160 m). In their 2021 study, Skejić et al. [31] investigated the sampling site in the highly stratified Krka River estuary on the eastern Adriatic coast. Samples were collected from August to October 2017. Sampling occurred every two weeks at the surface (0 m), in the halocline (mainly 1.5 m), and at 7 m depth. Finally, Young et al. [32] report a single event from a surface water sample collected at an offshore station in March 2018.
Studies on coccolithophores in the southern Adriatic were scarce and, in the last 15 years, have included only the investigation by Balestra et al. [33]. The samples for this study were collected in October 2000 in a grid along four transects in the Gulf of Manfredonia, in the western part of the southern Adriatic. The data presented in this article are from quantitative analyses performed on the vertical water profile using the PLM and SEM.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. History of Coccolithophore Research in the Adriatic Sea
In 1903, Steuer [16] conducted the first survey of coccolithophores in the Adriatic Sea, in the Gulf of Trieste and found Syracosphaera pulchra, Rhabdosphaera stylifer, and Syracosphaera robusta. In 1910, Brunnthaler [17] found a much larger number of cocccoltithophores in the coastal waters near Rovinj. Overall, the Adriatic Sea is the type locality of many phytoplankton species, including coccolithophores. New species of coccolithophores in the Adriatic Sea were described by (i) Brunnthaler [17], who listed one new species of coccolithophores, Syracosphaera lohmanni Brunnthaler 1911; (ii) Schiller, who listed 23 new species in 1913 [18] and another 23 new species in 1925 [19]; and (iii) Kamptner, who listed 4 new species in his 1927 article [22] and 16 new species in 1941 [21].
The list of morphospecies in Table 1 was published by Erwin Kamptner in 1941 [21] as an overview of his efforts in the study of coccolithophores along the coast of the Istrian Peninsula in the northern Adriatic. The list includes 45 taxa. However, due to sparse information in the descriptions of some species and limited details in some line drawings of cocospheres, some of the listed species cannot be identified to species level. Moreover, some of the species listed are duplicates resulting from taxonomic revisions [14]. We note, then, that the Kamptner species list contains 35 morphotypes of coccolithophores from the northern Adriatic, for which we trust ourselves to give a currently accepted name. Furthermore, two of the listed species later turned out not to be coccolithophores but calcified dinoflagellate cysts of the species Scrippsiella acuminata (Ehrenberg) Kretschmann, Elbrächter, Zinssmeister, S.Soehner, Kirsch, Kusber, & Gottschling 2015. Kamptner also described Acanthoica rubus, but the line drawing of the coccosphere is rather insufficient to identify the species, and subsequently this morphospecies was never recorded again. Here, we propose that Corisphaera corona shares similarities with Syracosphaera periperforata Kleijne 1991 var. periperforata HOL in the highly arched circum-flagellar coccoliths, while Pontosphaera steueri resembles Hymenomonas globosa (Magne 1954) Gayral & Fresnel 1976, due to the organisation of its coccoliths and elliptical muroliths, and finally that Thalassopapus pellucidus Kampt has similarities to Calciopappus caudatus Gaarder & Ramsfjell, 1954 in the shape of its coccosphere and its circum-flagellar coccoliths modified into elongate spines.
Table 2 consists of a list of morphospecies compiled by Noelia Revelante in 1985 [23]. This work mentions a total of 81 morphospecies that have been recorded in the northern Adriatic. However, this list was compiled from data from the literature and lists species reported for the northern Adriatic by Brunnthaler, Schiller, and Kamptner. Going back to the original descriptions, some of the species cannot be recognized to the species level due to the lack of details in species descriptions and some line drawings of the cocospheres. Additionally, some of the listed species are duplicates as a consequence of taxonomic revisions [14]. We have marked all morphospecies that are not identifiable. We therefore conclude that the Revelante species list contains 41 morphotypes of coccolithophores from the northern Adriatic, for which we can give the currently accepted names.
Finally, in our historic analysis we present the list of species compiled by Viličić et al. in 2002 [13] (Table 3). The list indicates the distribution of coccolithophore morphospecies for the eastern Adriatic, given as follows: N—Northern, M—Middle, S—Southern. A total of 95 species are listed. Although the text indicates that there are 101 species of prymnesiophytes (Prymnesiophyceae—class of haptophytes, including coccolithophores), we could not identify the 6 additional species in any of the tables in the paper. Going back to the original descriptions, again, some of the listed species cannot be determined to the specific species level due to the lack of information in species descriptions and the lack of features in some line drawings of the cocosphere. Additionally, due to taxonomic revisions, several of the listed species are duplicates. [14]. We have marked all morphospecies that are not identifiable. Thus, we conclude that the Viličić et al. 2002 species list contains 51 morphotypes of coccolithophores from the revised eastern part of the Adriatic for which we are confident to give the currently accepted name.
3.2. Recent Studies on Coccolithophores in the Northern Adriatic
In the last 15 years, the coccolithophore assemblage has been studied in several publications covering the northern, central and southern Adriatic [24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33]. These publications reveal a great diversity of coccolithophores not only in the open sea, but also in coastal and estuarine waters.
Table 4 contains a list of 141 coccolithophores morphotypes published during last 15 years in the previously mentioned publications (combination coccospheres were not considered). Of these 141 morphotypes, 84 were recorded in the HET—diploid phase and the remaining 58 morphotypes in the haploid phase (including HOL, POL, NAN). Seventeen species were confirmed in both phases (HET-HOL), marked in bold in Table 4. The available images of coccolithophores from the northern and middle Adriatic Sea are listed in Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4 and Figure 5.
The most diverse area was the middle Adriatic with 124 morphotypes, but this was probably the result of more intensive research efforts (six publications) compared to the northern (three) and southern parts (one). In addition, 54 morphotypes were found from the northern part and 48 from the southern part of the Adriatic.
The most frequently observed species is E. huxleyi throughout the Adriatic Sea [25,30,33]. However, the highest abundance of coccolithophores was observed for Syracosphaera halldalii, reaching 2.51 × 106 cells L−1 in the middle Adriatic Sea [31].
Records of combination coccospheres (with HET-HOL coccoliths) are important for clarifying taxonomic questions due to the different morphological life cycle stages of coccolithophores. A review of the literature reveals that 11 combination coccospheres were reported in four publications: Acanthoica quattrospina, Alisphaera unicornis, Helicosphaera pavimentum, Syracosphaera arethusae, Syracosphaera bannockii, Syracosphaera histrica, Syracosphaera marginaporata, Syracosphaera mediterranea, Syracosphaera molischii, Syracosphaera pulchra, Syracosphaera strigilis [28,29,30,32].
In summary, we can state that in the past twenty years there has been a notable increase in the number of recorded species in the Adriatic. This increase is most likely due to the use of SEM, which allows a more detailed observation of species characteristics and thus more certain identification. The species lists by Revelante in 1985 [23] and by Viličić et al. in 2002 [13] were largely based on revisions of the older literature, with some species descriptions and associated drawings not being detailed enough to allow unambiguous identification, resulting in duplicate species records. Therefore, we would like to emphasize the importance of including microscopic photographs with species lists, as this allows unambiguous recording of species.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization and writing—original draft preparation: J.G.; formal analysis: J.G., J.A. and S.S.; visualization: M.B.; data curation: J.G., S.S. and J.A.; writing—review and editing, M.B., S.S. and J.A.; funding acquisition, J.G., S.S. and J.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was funded by the Croatian National Monitoring Program (Project “Jadran”) and by grants from the Croatian Science Foundation under projects UIP-2020-02-3249—Ecology and toxicity of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia in the coastal waters of the central and southern Adriatic Sea (Pseudotox).
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
Not applicable.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank everyone who participated in the collection of data sets used in this manuscript. We acknowledge the useful comments of anonymous reviewers.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Figure 1.
SEM images of coccolithophore morphotypes: (a) Acanthoica quattrospina; (b) Acanthoica quattrospina HOL; (c) Algirosphaera robusta; (d) Algirosphaera robusta HOL; (e) Alisphaera capulata; (f) Alisphaera extenta; (g) Alisphaera gaudii; (h) Alisphaera gaudii POL; (i) Alisphaera unicornis; (j) Alisphaera unicornis POL; (k) Calcidiscus leptoporus subsp. quadriperforatus; (l) Calcidiscus leptoporus subsp. quadriperforatus HOL; (m) Calciopapus rigidus; (n) Calciosolenia brasiliensis; (o) Calciosolenia corsellii; (p) Calciosolenia murrayi; (q) Calicasphaera blokii; (r) Calyptrosphaera heimdaliae; (s) Calyptrosphaera sphaeroidea; (t) Corisphaera gracilis; (scale bars: a–j,q,r,t = 2 µm; s = 4 µm; k,l = 5 µm; m = 10 µm; n–p = 20 µm).
Figure 1.
SEM images of coccolithophore morphotypes: (a) Acanthoica quattrospina; (b) Acanthoica quattrospina HOL; (c) Algirosphaera robusta; (d) Algirosphaera robusta HOL; (e) Alisphaera capulata; (f) Alisphaera extenta; (g) Alisphaera gaudii; (h) Alisphaera gaudii POL; (i) Alisphaera unicornis; (j) Alisphaera unicornis POL; (k) Calcidiscus leptoporus subsp. quadriperforatus; (l) Calcidiscus leptoporus subsp. quadriperforatus HOL; (m) Calciopapus rigidus; (n) Calciosolenia brasiliensis; (o) Calciosolenia corsellii; (p) Calciosolenia murrayi; (q) Calicasphaera blokii; (r) Calyptrosphaera heimdaliae; (s) Calyptrosphaera sphaeroidea; (t) Corisphaera gracilis; (scale bars: a–j,q,r,t = 2 µm; s = 4 µm; k,l = 5 µm; m = 10 µm; n–p = 20 µm).
Figure 2.
SEM images of coccolithophore morphotypes: (a) Cyrtosphaera aculeata; (b) Discosphaera tubifera; (c) Emiliania huxleyi; (d) Florisphaera profunda; (e) Gladiolithus flabellatus; (f) Gliscolithus amitakareniae; (g) Helicosphaera carteri; (h) Helicosphaera hyalina; (i) Helicosphaera pavimentum; (j) Helicosphaera pavimentum HOL; (k) Helicosphaera HOL catilliferus type; (l) Helicosphaera HOL confusus type; (m) Homozygosphaera spinosa; (n) Navilithus altivelum; (o) Ophiaster formosus; (p) Ophiaster hydroideus; (q) Palusphaera crosiae; (r) Palusphaera vandelii; (s) Pappomonas sp. type 1; (t) Pappomonas sp. type 3; (scale bars: a,c,d,i,j,l–o,q,s,t = 2 µm; b,e–h,k,p,r = 5 µm).
Figure 2.
SEM images of coccolithophore morphotypes: (a) Cyrtosphaera aculeata; (b) Discosphaera tubifera; (c) Emiliania huxleyi; (d) Florisphaera profunda; (e) Gladiolithus flabellatus; (f) Gliscolithus amitakareniae; (g) Helicosphaera carteri; (h) Helicosphaera hyalina; (i) Helicosphaera pavimentum; (j) Helicosphaera pavimentum HOL; (k) Helicosphaera HOL catilliferus type; (l) Helicosphaera HOL confusus type; (m) Homozygosphaera spinosa; (n) Navilithus altivelum; (o) Ophiaster formosus; (p) Ophiaster hydroideus; (q) Palusphaera crosiae; (r) Palusphaera vandelii; (s) Pappomonas sp. type 1; (t) Pappomonas sp. type 3; (scale bars: a,c,d,i,j,l–o,q,s,t = 2 µm; b,e–h,k,p,r = 5 µm).
Figure 3.
SEM images of coccolithophore morphotypes: (a) Papposphaera lepida; (b) Pileolosphaera longistirpes; (c) Poritectolithus poritectus; (d) Rhabdosphaera clavigera var. stylifera; (e) Rhabdosphaera xiphos; (f) Sphaerocalyptra sp. 1 HOL; (g) Syracosphaera ampliora; (h) Syracosphaera anthos; (i) Syracosphaera anthos HOL; (j) Syracosphaera arethusae; (k) Syracosphaera arethusae HOL; (l) Syracosphaera aurisinae HOL; (m) Syracosphaera azureaplaneta; (n) Syracosphaera bannockii; (o) Syracosphaera bannockii HOL; (p) Syracosphaera corolla; (q) Syracosphaera dilatata; (r) Syracosphaera elevata HOL; (s) Syracosphaera gaarderae HOL; (t) Syracosphaera halldalii; (scale bars: a–c,e–s = 2 µm; d,t = 5 µm).
Figure 3.
SEM images of coccolithophore morphotypes: (a) Papposphaera lepida; (b) Pileolosphaera longistirpes; (c) Poritectolithus poritectus; (d) Rhabdosphaera clavigera var. stylifera; (e) Rhabdosphaera xiphos; (f) Sphaerocalyptra sp. 1 HOL; (g) Syracosphaera ampliora; (h) Syracosphaera anthos; (i) Syracosphaera anthos HOL; (j) Syracosphaera arethusae; (k) Syracosphaera arethusae HOL; (l) Syracosphaera aurisinae HOL; (m) Syracosphaera azureaplaneta; (n) Syracosphaera bannockii; (o) Syracosphaera bannockii HOL; (p) Syracosphaera corolla; (q) Syracosphaera dilatata; (r) Syracosphaera elevata HOL; (s) Syracosphaera gaarderae HOL; (t) Syracosphaera halldalii; (scale bars: a–c,e–s = 2 µm; d,t = 5 µm).
Figure 4.
SEM images of coccolithophore morphotypes: (a) Syracosphaera halldalii HOL; (b) Syracosphaera histrica; (c) Syracosphaera histrica HOL; (d) Syracosphaera lamina; (e) Syracosphaera marginaporata; (f) Syracosphaera mediterranea; (g) Syracosphaera mediterranea HOL gracillima type; (h) Syracosphaera meditteranea HOL hellenica type; (i) Syracosphaera mediterranea HOL wettsteini type; (j) Syracosphaera molischii type 1; (k) Syracosphaera molischii type 2; (l) Syracosphaera mollischi type 3; (m) Syracosphaera mollischi type 4; (n) Syracosphaera mollischi HOL; (o) Syracosphaera nana; (p) Syracosphaera nana HOL; (q) Syracosphaera nodosa; (r) Syracosphaera orbiculus; (s) Syracosphaera ossa type 1; (t) Syracosphaera ossa type 2; (scale bars: a–c,e,f,h,i,k–t = 2 µm; g,j = 5 µm; d = 10 µm).
Figure 4.
SEM images of coccolithophore morphotypes: (a) Syracosphaera halldalii HOL; (b) Syracosphaera histrica; (c) Syracosphaera histrica HOL; (d) Syracosphaera lamina; (e) Syracosphaera marginaporata; (f) Syracosphaera mediterranea; (g) Syracosphaera mediterranea HOL gracillima type; (h) Syracosphaera meditteranea HOL hellenica type; (i) Syracosphaera mediterranea HOL wettsteini type; (j) Syracosphaera molischii type 1; (k) Syracosphaera molischii type 2; (l) Syracosphaera mollischi type 3; (m) Syracosphaera mollischi type 4; (n) Syracosphaera mollischi HOL; (o) Syracosphaera nana; (p) Syracosphaera nana HOL; (q) Syracosphaera nodosa; (r) Syracosphaera orbiculus; (s) Syracosphaera ossa type 1; (t) Syracosphaera ossa type 2; (scale bars: a–c,e,f,h,i,k–t = 2 µm; g,j = 5 µm; d = 10 µm).
Figure 5.
SEM images of coccolithophore morphotypes: (a) Syracosphaera periperforata var. periperforata; (b) Syracosphaera prolongata; (c) Syracosphaera protrudens; (d) Syracosphaera pulchra; (e) Syracosphaera pulchra HOL oblonga type; (f) Syracosphaera pulchra HOL pirus type; (g) Syracosphaera rotula; (h) Syracosphaera strigilis; (i) Syracosphaera tumularis; (j) Tergestiella adriatica; (k) Umbellosphaera tenuis; (l) Umbilicosphaera sibogae var. sibogae; (scale bars: a–c,g,h,j,k = 2 µm; d–f,i = 5 µm; l = 10 µm).
Figure 5.
SEM images of coccolithophore morphotypes: (a) Syracosphaera periperforata var. periperforata; (b) Syracosphaera prolongata; (c) Syracosphaera protrudens; (d) Syracosphaera pulchra; (e) Syracosphaera pulchra HOL oblonga type; (f) Syracosphaera pulchra HOL pirus type; (g) Syracosphaera rotula; (h) Syracosphaera strigilis; (i) Syracosphaera tumularis; (j) Tergestiella adriatica; (k) Umbellosphaera tenuis; (l) Umbilicosphaera sibogae var. sibogae; (scale bars: a–c,g,h,j,k = 2 µm; d–f,i = 5 µm; l = 10 µm).
Table 1.
List of morphospecies published by Erwin Kamptner (1941) (Die Coccolithineen der Südwestküste von Istrien. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien. 51: 54–149). HET and HOL indicate the life cycle stage, HET diploid and HOL haploid, and ‘-‘ indicates an unidentifiable life cycle stage. Table lists coccolithophore species along the coast of the Istrian peninsula, northern Adriatic Sea, including 16 new species for science. Accepted names were updated following the recommendations on Young, J.R., Bown P.R., Lees J.A. (2022) Nannotax3 website. International Nannoplankton Association. Accessed 14 December 2022. URL: www.mikrotax.org/Nannotax3. Comments are indicated with *.
Table 1.
List of morphospecies published by Erwin Kamptner (1941) (Die Coccolithineen der Südwestküste von Istrien. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien. 51: 54–149). HET and HOL indicate the life cycle stage, HET diploid and HOL haploid, and ‘-‘ indicates an unidentifiable life cycle stage. Table lists coccolithophore species along the coast of the Istrian peninsula, northern Adriatic Sea, including 16 new species for science. Accepted names were updated following the recommendations on Young, J.R., Bown P.R., Lees J.A. (2022) Nannotax3 website. International Nannoplankton Association. Accessed 14 December 2022. URL: www.mikrotax.org/Nannotax3. Comments are indicated with *.
| N | Type | Species Name (Kamptner List) | Accepted Name with Comments (Indicated with *) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | HET | Acanthoica aculeata nov. spec. | Cyrtosphaera aculeata (Kamptner) Kleijne, 1992 |
| 2 | HET | Acanthoica ordinata nov. spec. | Alisphaera ordinata (Kamptner) Heimdal, 1973 |
| 3 | HET | Acanthoica quattrospina Lohm. | Acanthoica quatrospina Lohmann, 1903 |
| 4 | - | Acanthoica rubus nov. spec. | * ? line drawing of coccosphere inadequate to determine species |
| 5 | HET | Anthosphaera robusta (Lohm). | Syracosphaera molischii Schiller, 1925 HOL |
| 6 | HOL | Anthosphqera fragaria Kampt. | Algirosphaera robusta (Lohmann 1902) Norris, 1984 |
| 7 | HET | Calciosolenia grani Schill, var. cylindrothecaeformis Schill. | Calciosolenia brasiliensis (Lohmann) Young, in Young et al., 2003 |
| 8 | HOL | Calyptrosphaera gracillima nov. spec. | Syracosphaera mediterranea Lohmann 1902 HOL gracillima type, sensu Geisen et al., 2002 |
| 9 | HOL | Calyptrosphaera pirus Kampt. | Syracosphaera pulchra Lohmann, 1902 HOL pirus type, sensu Young et al., 2003 |
| 10 | HOL | Calyptrosphaera quatridentata Schill. | Sphaerocalyptra quadridentata (Schiller 1913) Deflandre, 1952 |
| 11 | HOL | Calyptrosphaera tholifera nov. spec. | Sphaerocalyptra quadridentata (Schiller 1913) Deflandre, 1952 |
| 12 | HET | Coccolithus carteri (Wall.) | Helicosphaera carteri (Wallich 1877) Kamptner, 1954 |
| 13 | HET | Coccolithus leptoporus (Murr. & Blackm.) | Calcidiscus leptoporus (Murray & Blackman 1898) Loeblich & Tappan, 1978 |
| 14 | HOL | Corisphaera arethusae nov. spec. | Syracosphaera arethusae (Kamptner 1941) Triantaphyllou et al. 2016 HOL |
| 15 | HOL | Corisphaera corona nov. spec. | * Syracosphaera Lohmann 1902 HOL (Anthosphaera type); cf. Syracosphaera periperforata Kleijne 1991 var. periperforata HOL |
| 16 | HOL | Corisphaera gracilis Kampt. | Corisphaera gracilis Kamptner, 1937 |
| 17 | HOL | Corisphaera ponticulifera nov. spec. | * Helicosphaera HOL ponticuliferus type informal |
| 18 | HOL | Corisphaera spinosa nov. spec. | Homozygosphaera spinosa (Kamptner 1941) Deflandre, 1952 |
| 19 | HOL | Helladosphaera aurisinae nov. spec. | Syracosphaera aurisinae HOL (Kamptner 1941) Keuter et al., 2021 |
| 20 | HOL | Helladosphaera cornifera (Schill.) | Helladosphaera cornifera (Schiller 1913) Kamptner, 1937 |
| 21 | HOL | Periphyllophora mirabilis (Schill.). | Syracosphaera anthos (Lohmann 1912) Janin, 1987 HOL |
| 22 | HET | Pontosphaera huxleyi Lohm. | Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann 1902) Hay & Mohler, in Hay et al. 1967 |
| 23 | HET | Pontosphaera nana nov. spec. | Syracosphaera nana (Kamptner 1941) Okada & McIntyre, 1977 |
| 24 | HOL | Pontosphaera pietschmanni Kampt. | * ? clearly a holococcolith but holotype is drawing with too little detail to allow identification |
| 25 | HET | Pontosphaera steueri Kampt. | * ? cf. Hymenomonas globosa (Magne 1954) Gayral & Fresnel, 1976 |
| 26 | - | Rhabdosphaera erinaceus Kampt. | * not a coccolithophore: Scrippsiella acuminata (Ehrenberg) Kretschmann, Elbrächter, Zinssmeister, S.Soehner, Kirsch, Kusber & Gottschling 2015 |
| 27 | - | Rhabdosphaera nigra Schill. | * not a coccolithophore: Scrippsiella acuminata (Ehrenberg) Kretschmann, Elbrächter, Zinssmeister, S.Soehner, Kirsch, Kusber & Gottschling 2015 |
| 28 | HET | Rhabdosphaera stylifer Lohm. | Rhabdosphaera clavigera Murray & Blackman, 1898 |
| 29 | HET | Syracosphaera binodata Kampt. | Syracosphaera mediterranea Lohmann 1902 |
| 30 | HOL | Syracosphaera catillifera Kampt. | Helicosphaera HOL catilliferus type Young & Bown (2014) |
| 31 | HET | Syracosphaera corii Schill. | Michaelsarsia adriaticus (Schiller) Manton, Bremer & Oates, 1984 |
| 32 | HOL | Syracosphaera cornus nov. spec. | Helicosphaera HOL catilliferus type Young & Bown (2014) |
| 33 | HOL | Syracosphaera dalmatica Kampt. | Syracosphaera mediterranea Lohmann 1902 HOL wettsteinii type, sensu Geisen et al., 2002 |
| 34 | HET | Syracosphaera histrica nov. spec. | Syracosphaera histrica Kamptner, 1941 |
| 35 | HET | Syracosphaera molischi Schill. | Syracosphaera molischii Schiller, 1925 |
| 36 | HET | Syracosphaera nodosa nov. spec. | Syracosphaera nodosa Kamptner, 1941 |
| 37 | HET | Syracosphaera pulchra Lohm. | Syracosphaera pulchra Lohmann, 1902 |
| 38 | HOL | Syracosphaera quadriperforata Kampt. | Calcidiscus leptoporus subsp. quadriperforatus (Kamptner 1937) Geisen et al., 2002 HOL |
| 39 | HET | Syracosphaera schilleri Kampt. | Scyphosphaera apsteinii Lohmann, 1902 HOL |
| 40 | HET | Syracosphaera tuberculata Kampt. | Syracosphaera mediterranea Lohmann 1902 |
| 41 | HET | Tergestiella adriatica nov. spec. | Tergestiella adriatica Kamptner, 1941 |
| 42 | HET | Thalassopapus pellucidus Kampt. | * ? cf. Calciopappus caudatus Gaarder & Ramsfjell, 1954 |
| 43 | HOL | Zygosphaera debilis nov. spec. | Zygosphaera amoena Kamptner, 1937 |
| 44 | HOL | Zygosphaera hellenica Kampt. | Syracosphaera mediterranea Lohmann 1902 HOL hellenica type, sensu Cros et al., 2000 |
| 45 | HOL | Zygosphaera wettsteini Kampt. | Syracosphaera mediterranea Lohmann 1902 HOL wettsteinii type, sensu Geisen et al., 2002 |
Table 2.
List of morphospecies compiled by Noelia Revelante (1985) (A catalogue of phytoplankton reported for the Rovinj area of the northern Adriatic. Thalass. Jugoslav. 21/22, 139–169). HET and HOL indicate the life cycle stage, HET diploid and HOL haploid, and ‘-‘ indicates an unidentifiable life cycle stage. This paper reports morphospecies recorded in the northern Adriatic Sea. Accepted names were updated following the recommendations of Young, J.R., Bown P.R., Lees J.A. (2022) Nannotax3 website. International Nannoplankton Association. Accessed 14 December 2022. URL: www.mikrotax.org/Nannotax3. Comments are indicated with *.
Table 2.
List of morphospecies compiled by Noelia Revelante (1985) (A catalogue of phytoplankton reported for the Rovinj area of the northern Adriatic. Thalass. Jugoslav. 21/22, 139–169). HET and HOL indicate the life cycle stage, HET diploid and HOL haploid, and ‘-‘ indicates an unidentifiable life cycle stage. This paper reports morphospecies recorded in the northern Adriatic Sea. Accepted names were updated following the recommendations of Young, J.R., Bown P.R., Lees J.A. (2022) Nannotax3 website. International Nannoplankton Association. Accessed 14 December 2022. URL: www.mikrotax.org/Nannotax3. Comments are indicated with *.
| N | Type | Species Name (Revelante List) | Accepted Name with Comments (Indicated with *) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | HET | Acanthoica acanthos Schiller, 1925 | Acanthoica acanthos Schiller, 1925 |
| 2 | HET | Acanthoica aculeata Kamptner 1941 | Cyrtosphaera aculeata (Kamptner) Kleijne, 1992 |
| 3 | HET | Acanthoica monospina Schiller, 1925 | Acanthoica acanthifera Lohmann 1912 ex Lohmann, 1913 |
| 4 | HET | Acanthoica ordinata Kamptner, 1941 | Alisphaera ordinata (Kamptner) Heimdal, 1973 |
| 5 | HET | Acanthoica quattrospina Lohmann, 1903 | Acanthoica quattrospina Lohmann, 1903 |
| 6 | - | Acantoica rubus Kamptner, 1941 | * ? line drawing of coccosphere inadequate to determine species |
| 7 | HOL | Anthosphaera fragaria Kamptner, 1937 | Syracosphaera molischii Schiller, 1925 HOL |
| 8 | HET | Anthosphaera robusta (Lohmann) Kamptner, 1941 | Algirosphaera robusta (Lohmann 1902) Norris, 1984 |
| 9 | HET | Calciosolenia granii Schiller, 1925 | Calciosolenia brasiliensis (Lohmann) Young, in Young et al. 2003 |
| 10 | HET | Calciosolenia granii var cylindrothecaeformis Schiller, 1925 emend Kamptner 1936 | Calciosolenia brasiliensis (Lohmann) Young, in Young et al. 2003 |
| 11 | HOL | Calyptrosphaera aff. globosa Lohmann in Borsetti & Cati, 1976 | Calyptrosphaera sphaeroidea Schiller, 1913 HOL |
| 12 | HOL | Calyptrosphaera gracillima Kamptner, 1941 | Syracosphaera mediterranea Lohmann 1902 HOL gracillima type, sensu Geisen et al., 2002 |
| 13 | HOL | Calyptrosphaera incisa Schiller 1913 | Calyptrosphaera sphaeroidea Schiller, 1913 HOL |
| 14 | HOL | Calyptrosphaera oblonga Lohmann, 1902 | Syracosphaera pulchra Lohmann, 1902 HOL oblonga type, sensu Young et al., 2003 |
| 15 | HOL | Calyptrosphaera pirus Kamptner, 1941 | Syracosphaera pulchra Lohmann, 1902 HOL pirus type, sensu Young et al., 2003 |
| 16 | HOL | Calyptrosphaera pyriformis Schiller 1913 | Calyptrosphaera sphaeroidea Schiller, 1913 HOL |
| 17 | HOL | Calyptrosphaera quadridentata Schiller, 1913 | Sphaerocalyptra quadridentata (Schiller 1913) Deflandre, 1952 |
| 18 | HOL | Calyptrosphaera sphaeroidea Schiller 1913 | Calyptrosphaera sphaeroidea Schiller 1913 |
| 19 | HOL | Calyptrosphaera tholifera Kamptner, 1941 | Sphaerocalyptra quadridentata (Schiller 1913) Deflandre, 1952 |
| 20 | HET | Coccolithus carteri (Wallich) Kamptner, 1941 | Helicosphaera carteri (Wallich 1877) Kamptner, 1954 |
| 21 | HET | Coccolithus leptoporus (Murray & Blackman) Schiller, 1930 | Calcidiscus leptoporus (Murray & Blackman 1898) Loeblich & Tappan, 1978 |
| 22 | HET | Coccolithus pelagicus var. carteri Kamptner, 1927 | Helicosphaera carteri (Wallich, 1877) Kamptner, 1954 |
| 23 | HET | Coccolithus wallichii (Lohmann) Schiller, 1925 | Helicosphaera wallichii (Lohmann 1902) Okada & McIntyre, 1977 |
| 24 | HOL | Corisphaera arethusae Kamptner, 1941 | Syracosphaera arethusae (Kamptner 1941) Triantaphyllou et al. 2016 HOL |
| 25 | HOL | Corisphaera corona Kamptner, 1941 | Syracosphaera sp. HOL (Anthosphaera type) |
| 26 | HOL | Corisphaera gracilis Kamptner, 1937 | Corisphaera gracilis Kamptner, 1937 |
| 27 | HOL | Corisphaera ponticulifera Kamptner, 1941 | Helicosphaera HOL ponticuliferus type informal |
| 28 | HOL | Corisphaera spinosa Kamptner 1941 | Homozygosphaera spinosa (Kamptner 1941) Deflandre, 1952 |
| 29 | HOL | Helladosphaera aurisinae Kamptner, 1941 | Syracosphaera aurisinae HOL (Kamptner 1941) Keuter et al., 2021 |
| 30 | HOL | Helladosphaera cornifera (Schiller) Kamptner, 1937 | Helladosphaera cornifera (Schiller 1913) Kamptner, 1937 |
| 31 | HOL | Lohmanosphaera adriatica Schiller, 1913 | ? cf. Sphaerocalyptra quadridentata (Schiller 1913) Deflandre, 1952 |
| 32 | - | Najadea gloriosa Schiller, 1913 | * ? holotype is drawing with too little detail to allow identification |
| 33 | HOL | Ophiaster formosus Gran, 1912 | Ophiaster formosus Gran, 1912 |
| 34 | HOL | Periphyllophora mirabilis (Schiller) Kamptner, 1937 | Syracosphaera anthos (Lohmann 1912) Janin, 1987 HOL |
| 35 | - | Pontosphaera echinofera Schiller (1913) | * ? holotype is drawing with too little detail to allow identification |
| 36 | - | Pontosphaera haeckelii Schiller, 1913 | * ? holotype is drawing with too little detail to allow identification |
| 37 | HET | Pontosphaera huxleyi Lohmann, 1902 | Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann 1902) Hay & Mohler, in Hay et al. 1967 |
| 38 | - | Pontosphaera inermis Schiller, 1913 | * ? holotype is drawing with too little detail to allow identification |
| 39 | HET | Pontosphaera nana Kamptner, 1941 | Syracosphaera nana (Kamptner 1941) Okada & McIntyre, 1977 |
| 40 | - | Pontosphaera ovalis Schiller, 1913 | * ? holotype is drawing with too little detail to allow identification |
| 41 | HOL | Pontosphaera pietschmanni Kamptner, 1937 | * ? clearly a holococcolith but holotype is drawing with too little detail to allow identification |
| 42 | HET | Pontosphaera steueri Kamptner, 1937 | * ? cf. Hymenomonas globosa (Magne 1954) Gayral & Fresnel, 1976 |
| 43 | HET | Rhabdosphaera clavigera Murray & Blackman, 1898 | Rhabdosphaera clavigera Murray & Blackman, 1898 |
| 44 | - | Rhabdosphaera erinaceus Kamptner, 1937 | * not a coccolithophore: Scrippsiella acuminate (Ehrenberg 1836) Kretschmann et al., 2015 |
| 45 | HET | Rhabdosphaera longistylis Schiller, 1925 | * cf. Palusphaera vandelii Lecal, 1965 |
| 46 | - | Rhabdosphaera nigra Schiller, 1913 | * not a coccolithophore: Scrippsiella acuminate (Ehrenberg 1836) Kretschmann et al. 2015 |
| 47 | HET | Rhabdosphaera stylifera Lohmann, 1902 | Rhabdosphaera clavigera Murray & Blackman, 1898 |
| 48 | HET | Rhabdosphaera tignifer Schiller, 1913 | Rhabdosphaera clavigera Murray & Blackman, 1898 |
| 49 | - | Rhabdosphaera hispida Lohmann, 1912 | * ? |
| 50 | - | Syracosphaera adriatica Schiller, 1913 | * ? line drawing of coccosphere inadequate to determine species |
| 51 | - | Syracosphaera bifenestrata Schiller, 1913 | * ? line drawing of coccosphere inadequate to determine species |
| 52 | HET | Syracosphaera binodata (Kamptner) Kamptner, 1937 | Syracosphaera mediterranea Lohmann, 1902 |
| 53 | HOL | Syracosphaera catillifera Kamptner, 1937 | Helicosphaera HOL catilliferus type Young & Bown (2014) |
| 54 | HET | Syracosphaera cori Schiller in Heimdal & Gaarder, 1981 | Michaelsarsia adriaticus (Schiller) Manton, Bremer & Oates, 1984 |
| 55 | HOL | Syracosphaera cornifera Schiller 1913 | Helladosphaera cornifera (Schiller 1913) Kamptner, 1937 |
| 56 | HOL | Syracosphaera cornus Kamptner, 1941 | Helicosphaera HOL catilliferus type Young & Bown (2014) |
| 57 | - | Syracosphaera coronata Schiller, 1913 | * ? line drawing of coccosphere inadequate to determine species |
| 58 | - | Syracosphaera cupulifera Schiller, 1913 | * ? line drawing of coccosphere inadequate to determine species |
| 59 | HOL | Syracosphaera dalmatica Kamptner, 1927 | Syracosphaera mediterranea Lohmann 1902 HOL wettsteinii type, sensu Geisen et al., 2002 |
| 60 | - | Syracosphaera dentata Schiller, 1913 | * ? line drawing of coccosphere inadequate to determine species |
| 61 | - | Syracosphaera grundii Schiller, 1913 | * ? line drawing of coccosphere inadequate to determine species |
| 62 | HET | Syracosphaera histrica Kamptner, 1941 | Syracosphaera histrica Kamptner, 1941 |
| 63 | - | Syracosphaera lohmannii Brunnthaler, 1910 | * ? line drawing of coccosphere inadequate to determine species |
| 64 | HET | Syracosphaera mediterranea Lohmann, 1902 | Syracosphaera mediterranea Lohmann 1902 |
| 65 | HET | Syracosphaera mediterranea var. biondada (Lohmann) Kamptner, 1927 | Syracosphaera mediterranea Lohmann 1902 |
| 66 | HET | Syracosphaera molischii Schiller, 1925 | Syracosphaera molischii Schiller, 1925 |
| 67 | HET | Syracosphaera nodosa Kamptner, 1941 | Syracosphaera nodosa Kamptner, 1941 |
| 68 | - | Syracosphaera ovata Schiller, 1925 | * ? line drawing of coccosphere inadequate to determine species |
| 69 | HET | Syracosphaera pulchra Lohmann, 1902 | Syracosphaera pulchra Lohmann, 1902 |
| 70 | HOL | Syracosphaera quadricornus Schiller, 1925 | Algirosphaera robusta (Lohmann 1902) Norris, 1984 |
| 71 | HOL | Syracosphaera quadriperforata Kamptner, 1937 | Calcidiscus leptoporus subsp. quadriperforatus (Kamptner 1937) Geisen et al., 2002 HOL |
| 72 | HET | Syracosphaera robusta Lohmann, 1902 | Algirosphaera robusta (Lohmann 1902) Norris, 1984 |
| 73 | HET | Syracosphaera schilleri Kamptner, 1927 | Scyphosphaera apsteinii Lohmann, 1902 HOL |
| 74 | - | Syracosphaera spinosa Lohmann, 1902 | * ? line drawing of coccosphere inadequate to determine species |
| 75 | - | Syracosphaera tenuis Lohmann, 1902 | * ? line drawing of coccosphere inadequate to determine species |
| 76 | HET | Syracosphaera tuberculata Kamptner 1937 | Syracosphaera mediterranea Lohmann 1902 |
| 77 | HET | Tergestiella adriatica Kamptner, 1941 | Tergestiella adriatica Kamptner, 1941 |
| 78 | HET | Thalassopapus pellucidus Kamptner, 1941 | * ? cf. Calciopappus caudatus Gaarder & Ramsfjell, 1954 |
| 79 | HOL | Zygosphaera debilis Kamptner, 1941 | Zygosphaera amoena Kamptner, 1937 |
| 80 | HOL | Zygosphaera hellenica Kamptner, 1937 | Syracosphaera mediterranea Lohmann 1902 HOL hellenica type, sensu Cros et al., 2000 |
| 81 | HOL | Zygosphaera wettsteinii Kamptner, 1937 | Syracosphaera mediterranea Lohmann 1902 HOL wettsteinii type, sensu Geisen et al., 2002 |
Table 3.
List of morphospecies compiled by Viličić et al. (2002) (Checklist of phytoplankton in the eastern Adriatic Sea. Acta. Bot. Croat. 61 (1), 57–91). HET and HOL indicate the life cycle stage, HET diploid and HOL haploid, and ‘-‘ indicates an unidentifiable life cycle stage. Only one name per species is listed (additional synonyms are listed in Viličić et al. 2002). This paper lists morphospecies reported for the eastern Adriatic Sea, distribution is noted as: N—Northern, M—Middle, S—Southern, and ˟ registered by Revelante (1985), reportedly not found afterwards. Accepted names were updated following the recommendations of Young, J.R., Bown P.R., Lees J.A. (2022) Nannotax3 website. International Nannoplankton Association. Accessed 14 December 2022. URL: www.mikrotax.org/Nannotax3. Comments are indicated with *.
Table 3.
List of morphospecies compiled by Viličić et al. (2002) (Checklist of phytoplankton in the eastern Adriatic Sea. Acta. Bot. Croat. 61 (1), 57–91). HET and HOL indicate the life cycle stage, HET diploid and HOL haploid, and ‘-‘ indicates an unidentifiable life cycle stage. Only one name per species is listed (additional synonyms are listed in Viličić et al. 2002). This paper lists morphospecies reported for the eastern Adriatic Sea, distribution is noted as: N—Northern, M—Middle, S—Southern, and ˟ registered by Revelante (1985), reportedly not found afterwards. Accepted names were updated following the recommendations of Young, J.R., Bown P.R., Lees J.A. (2022) Nannotax3 website. International Nannoplankton Association. Accessed 14 December 2022. URL: www.mikrotax.org/Nannotax3. Comments are indicated with *.
| N | Type | Species Name (Viličić et al. 2002 List) | Accepted Name with Comments (Indicated with *) | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | HET | Acanthoica acanthos (Schiller) Deflandre | Acanthoica acanthos Schiller, 1925 | N |
| 2 | HET | Acanthoica monospina Schiller | Acanthoica acanthifera Lohmann, 1912 ex Lohmann, 1913 | N |
| 3 | HET | Acanthoica quattrospina Lohmann | Acanthoica quattrospina Lohmann, 1903 | N, M, S |
| 4 | - | Acanthoica rubus Kamptner | * ? line drawing of coccosphere inadequate to determine species | N ˟ |
| 5 | HOL | Algirosphaera quadricorni (Schiller) Norris | Algirosphaera robusta (Lohmann 1902) Norris, 1984 | N, M, S |
| 6 | HET | Algirosphaera robusta (Lohmann) Norris | Algirosphaera robusta (Lohmann 1902) Norris, 1984 | N ˟ |
| 7 | HET | Alisphaera ordinata (Kamptner) Heimdal | Alisphaera ordinata (Kamptner) Heimdal, 1973 | N ˟ |
| 8 | HET | Anoplosolenia brasiliensis (Lohmann) Deflandre | Calciosolenia brasiliensis (Lohmann) Young, in Young et al. 2003 | N, S |
| 9 | HOL | Anthosphaera fragaria Kamptner | Syracosphaera molischii Schiller, 1925 HOL | N ˟ |
| 10 | HET | Calcidiscus leptoporus (Murray & Blachman) Loeblich Jr. & Tappan | Calcidiscus leptoporus (Murray & Blackman, 1898) Loeblich & Tappan, 1978 | N ˟ |
| 11 | HET | Calciopappus caudatus Gaarder & Ramsfjell | Calciopappus caudatus Gaarder & Ramsfjell, 1954 | M, S |
| 12 | HET | Calciopappus rigidus Heimdal | Calciopappus rigidus Heimdal in Heimdal & Gaarder, 1981 | N, M |
| 13 | HET | Calciosolenia murrayi Gran | Calciosolenia murrayi Gran, 1912 | not reported |
| 14 | HOL | Calyptrolithina wettsteinii (Kamptner) Kleijne | Syracosphaera mediterranea Lohmann 1902 HOL wettsteinii type, sensu Geisen et al., 2002 | N ˟ |
| 15 | - | Calyptrosphaera dalmatica Schiller | * ? | N ˟ |
| 16 | HOL | Calyptrosphaera globosa Lohmann | Calyptrosphaera sphaeroidea Schiller, 1913 HOL | N ˟, M |
| 17 | HOL | Calyptrosphaera incisa Schiller | Calyptrosphaera sphaeroidea Schiller, 1913 HOL | N ˟ |
| 18 | HOL | Calyptrosphaera oblonga Lohmann | Syracosphaera pulchra Lohmann, 1902 HOL oblonga type, sensu Young et al., 2003 | N, M, S |
| 19 | HOL | Calyptrosphaera pirus Kamptner | Syracosphaera pulchra Lohmann, 1902 HOL pirus type, sensu Young et al., 2003 | N ˟ |
| 20 | HOL | Calyptrosphaera pyriformis Schiller | Calyptrosphaera sphaeroidea Schiller, 1913 HOL | N ˟ |
| 21 | HOL | Calyptrosphaera quadridentata Schiller | Sphaerocalyptra quadridentata (Schiller 1913) Deflandre, 1952 | N ˟ |
| 22 | HOL | Calyptrosphaera sphaeroidea Schiller | Calyptrosphaera sphaeroidea Schiller 1913 HOL | N ˟ |
| 23 | - | Calyptrosphaera uvella Schiller | * ? | N ˟ |
| 24 | HET | Coccolithus pelagicus (Wallich) Lohmann | Helicosphaera carteri (Wallich) Kamptner, 1954 | N ˟ |
| 25 | HET | Coccolithus wallichii (Lohmann) Schiller | Helicosphaera wallichii (Lohmann 1902) Okada & McIntyre, 1977 | N ˟ |
| 26 | HOL | Corisphaera arethusae Kamptner | Syracosphaera arethusae (Kamptner 1941) Triantaphyllou et al., 2016 HOL | N˟ |
| 27 | HOL | Corisphaera corona Kamptner | Syracosphaera Lohmann, 1902 HOL (Anthosphaera type) | N ˟ |
| 28 | HOL | Corisphaera gracillis Kamptner | Corisphaera gracilis Kamptner, 1937 | N ˟ |
| 29 | HOL | Corisphaera spinosa Kamptner | Homozygosphaera spinosa (Kamptner 1941) Deflandre, 1952 | N ˟ |
| 30 | HET | Coronosphaera binodata (Kamptner) Gaarder | Syracosphaera mediterranea Lohmann 1902 | N ˟ |
| 31 | HET | Coronosphaera mediterranea | Syracosphaera mediterranea Lohmann 1902 | N ˟ |
| 32 | HET | Cyrtosphaera aculeata (Kamptner) Kleijne | Cyrtosphaera aculeata (Kamptner) Kleijne, 1992 | N ˟ |
| 33 | HET | Discosphaera thomsonii Ostenfeld | Discosphaera tubifera (Murray & Blackman 1898) Ostenfeld, 1900 | S |
| 34 | HET | Discosphaera tubifera (Murray & Blackman) Ostenfeld | Discosphaera tubifera (Murray & Blackman 1898) Ostenfeld, 1900 | S |
| 35 | HET | Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) Hay & Mohler | Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann 1902) Hay & Mohler, in Hay et al. 1967 | N, M, S |
| 36 | HET | Helicosphaera carteri (Wallich) Kamptner | Helicosphaera carteri (Wallich 1877) Kamptner, 1954 | N ˟ |
| 37 | HOL | Helladosphaera cornifera (Schiller) Kamptner | Helladosphaera cornifera (Schiller 1913) Kamptner, 1937 | N ˟ |
| 38 | HOL | Homozygosphaera ponticulifera (Kamptner) Kamptner | Syracosphaera mediterranea Lohmann 1902 HOL gracillima type, sensu Geisen et al., 2002 | N ˟ |
| 39 | - | Homozygosphaera tholifera (Kamptner) Halldal & Markali | Sphaerocalyptra quadridentata (Schiller 1913) Deflandre, 1952 | N ˟ |
| 40 | HOL | Lohmannosphaera adriatica Schiller | Sphaerocalyptra quadridentata (Schiller 1913) Deflandre, 1952 | N ˟ |
| 41 | HET | Lohmannosphaera paucoscyphos Schiller | Helicosphaera carteri (Wallich) Kamptner, 1954 | N ˟ |
| 42 | HET | Michaelsarsia adriatica Schiller emend. Manton, Bremer & Bates | Michaelsarsia adriaticus (Schiller) Manton, Bremer & Oates, 1984 | M, S |
| 43 | HET | Michaelsarsia falklandica Lohmann | Michaelsarsia elegans Gran, 1912 | N ˟ |
| 44 | - | Najadea gloriosa Schiller | * ? holotype is drawing with too little detail to allow identification | N ˟ |
| 45 | HOL | Ophiaster formosus Gran | Ophiaster formosus Gran, 1912 | N, S |
| 46 | HET | Ophiaster hydroideus (Lohmann) Lohmann + | Ophiaster hydroideus (Lohmann 1903) Lohmann, 1913 | M |
| 47 | HOL | Periphyllophora mirabilis (Schiller) Kamptner | Syracosphaera anthos (Lohmann 1912) Janin, 1987 HOL | N ˟ |
| 48 | HET | Pontosphaera discopora Schiller | Pontosphaera discopora Schiller, 1925 | N ˟ |
| 49 | - | Pontosphaera echinophora Schiller | * ? holotype is drawing with too little detail to allow identification | N ˟ |
| 50 | - | Pontosphaera haeckelii Lohmann | * ? holotype is drawing with too little detail to allow identification | N ˟ |
| 51 | - | Pontosphaera hartmannii Schiller | * ? holotype is drawing with too little detail to allow identification | N ˟ |
| 52 | - | Pontosphaera inermis Lohmann | * ? holotype is drawing with too little detail to allow identification | N ˟, M |
| 53 | HET | Pontosphaera nana Kamptner | Syracosphaera nana (Kamptner 1941) Okada & McIntyre, 1977 | N ˟ |
| 54 | - | Pontosphaera nigra Schiller | * not a coccolithophore: Scrippsiella acuminate (Ehrenberg 1836) Kretschmann et al. 2015 | N ˟ |
| 55 | - | Pontosphaera ovalis Schiller | * ? holotype is drawing with too little detail to allow identification | N ˟, M |
| 56 | HOL | Pontosphaera pietschmannii Kamptner | * ? clearly a holococcolith but holotype is drawing with too little detail to allow identification | N ˟ |
| 57 | HET | Pontosphaera steueri Kamptner | * ? cf. Hymenomonas globosa (Magne 1954) Gayral & Fresnel, 1976 | N ˟ |
| 58 | HOL | Poricalyptra aurisinae (Kamptner) Kleijne | Syracosphaera aurisinae HOL (Kamptner 1941) Keuter et al., 2021 | N ˟ |
| 59 | HET | Rhabdosphaera clavigera Murray & Blackman | Rhabdosphaera clavigera Murray & Blackman, 1898 | N, M, S |
| 60 | - | Rhabdosphaera erinacea Kamptner | * not a coccolithophore: Scrippsiella acuminate (Ehrenberg 1836) Kretschmann et al. 2015 | N ˟ |
| 61 | HET | Rhabdosphaera longistylis Schiller | * cf. Palusphaera vandelii Lecal, 1965 | N ˟, M |
| 62 | - | Rhabdosphaera nigra Schiller | * not a coccolithophore: Scrippsiella acuminate (Ehrenberg 1836) Kretschmann et al. 2015 | N ˟ |
| 63 | HET | Rhabdosphaera tignifer Schiller | Rhabdosphaera clavigera Murray & Blackman, 1898 | N, M, S |
| 64 | - | Rhabdosphaera tubulosa Schiller | * not a coccolithophore: Scrippsiella acuminate (Ehrenberg 1836) Kretschmann et al. 2015 | N ˟ |
| 65 | - | Rhabdothorax hispidus (Lohmann) Kamptner | * ? | N, M, S |
| 66 | HET | Scyphosphaera apsteinii Lohmann | Scyphosphaera apsteinii Lohmann, 1902 | |
| 67 | HOL | Syracolithus catilliferus (Kamptner) Deflandre | Helicosphaera HOL catilliferus type Young & Bown (2014) | N ˟ |
| 68 | HOL | Syracolithus catilliferus (Kamptner) Deflandre | Helicosphaera HOL catilliferus type Young & Bown (2014) | N ˟ |
| 69 | HOL | Syracolithus dalmaticus (Kamptner) Loeblich & Tappan | Syracosphaera mediterranea Lohmann 1902 HOL wettsteinii type, sensu Geisen et al., 2002 | N ˟ |
| 70 | HOL | Syracolithus quadriperforatus (Kamptner) Gaarder | Calcidiscus leptoporus subsp. quadriperforatus (Kamptner 1937) Geisen et al., 2002 HOL | N ˟ |
| 71 | HET | Syracolithus schilleri (Kamptner) Kamptner | Scyphosphaera apsteinii Lohmann, 1902 HOL | N ˟ |
| 72 | HOL | Syracosphaera adriatica Schiller | Helicosphaera HOL ponticuliferus type informal | N ˟, M |
| 73 | HOL | Syracosphaera anthos (Lohmann) Zanin | Syracosphaera aurisinae HOL (Kamptner 1941) Keuter et al., 2021 | N ˟ |
| 74 | - | Syracosphaera bifenestrata Schiller | * ? line drawing of coccosphere inadequate to determine species | N ˟ |
| 75 | HOL | Syracosphaera cordiformis Schiller | ? cf. Sphaerocalyptra quadridentata (Schiller 1913) Deflandre, 1952 | M |
| 76 | HOL | Syracosphaera cornifera Schiller | Helladosphaera cornifera (Schiller 1913) Kamptner, 1937 | N ˟ |
| 77 | HOL | Syracosphaera cornus Kamptner | Helicosphaera HOL catilliferus type Young & Bown (2014) | N ˟ |
| 78 | - | Syracosphaera coronata Schiller | *? line drawing of coccosphere inadequate to determine species | N ˟ |
| 79 | - | Syracosphaera cupulifera Schiller | * ? line drawing of coccosphere inadequate to determine species | N ˟ |
| 80 | - | Syracosphaera dentata Lohmann | * ? line drawing of coccosphere inadequate to determine species | N ˟ |
| 81 | - | Syracosphaera grundii Schiller | * ? line drawing of coccosphere inadequate to determine species | N ˟ |
| 82 | HET | Syracosphaera halldalii Gaarder ex Jordan & Green | Syracosphaera halldalii Gaarder, in Gaarder & Hasle 1971 ex Jordan, 1994 | N, M |
| 83 | HET | Syracosphaera histrica Kamptner | Syracosphaera histrica Kamptner, 1941 | N ˟ |
| 84 | - | Syracosphaera lohmannii Brunnthaler | * ? line drawing of coccosphere inadequate to determine species | N ˟ |
| 85 | HET | Syracosphaera molischii Schiller | Syracosphaera molischii Schiller, 1925 | N, M |
| 86 | - | Syracosphaera ovata Schiller | * ? line drawing of coccosphere inadequate to determine species | N, M |
| 87 | HET | Syracosphaera pulchra Lohmann | Syracosphaera pulchra Lohmann, 1902 | N, M, S |
| 88 | - | Syracosphaera radiata Schiller | * ? line drawing of coccosphere inadequate to determine species | N ˟ |
| 89 | - | Syracosphaera spinosa Lohmann | * ? line drawing of coccosphere inadequate to determine species | N ˟ |
| 90 | - | Syracosphaera tenuis Lohmann | * ? line drawing of coccosphere inadequate to determine species | N ˟ |
| 91 | HET | Tergestiella adriatica Kamptner | Tergestiella adriatica Kamptner, 1941 | N ˟ |
| 92 | HET | Thalassopappus pellucidus Kamptner | * ? cf. Calciopappus caudatus Gaarder & Ramsfjell, 1954 | N ˟ |
| 93 | HET | Thorosphaera elegans Ostenfeld | Scyphosphaera porosa Kamptner, 1967 | S |
| 94 | HOL | Zygosphaera debilis Kamptner | Zygosphaera amoena Kamptner, 1937 | N ˟ |
| 95 | HOL | Zygosphaera hellenica Kamptner | Syracosphaera mediterranea Lohmann 1902 HOL hellenica type, sensu Cros et al., 2000 | N ˟ |
Table 4.
List of species compiled from recent publications studying coccolithophores diversity assemblage in the Adriatic Sea. HET, HOL, POL and CER indicate life cycle stages. HET-diploid phase; HOL, NAN, POL haploid phase. Species recorded in both phases (HET and HOL) are marked in bold.
Table 4.
List of species compiled from recent publications studying coccolithophores diversity assemblage in the Adriatic Sea. HET, HOL, POL and CER indicate life cycle stages. HET-diploid phase; HOL, NAN, POL haploid phase. Species recorded in both phases (HET and HOL) are marked in bold.
| N | Type | Species Name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | HET | Acanthoica acanthos Schiller, 1925 | M |
| 2 | HET | Acanthoica acantifera Lochmann, 1912 ex Lochmann,1913 | S |
| 3 | HET | Acanthoica quattrospinaLohmann, 1903 | N, M, S |
| 4 | HOL | Acanthoica quattrospina Lohmann, 1903 HOL | N, M |
| 5 | HET | Algirosphaera robusta (Lohmann, 1902) Norris, 1984 | N, M, S |
| 6 | HOL | Algirosphaera robusta HOL (Lohman, 1902, Norris, 1984) Dimiza et al. 2008 | N, M, S |
| 7 | HET | Alisphaera capulata Heimdal in Heimdal & Gaarder, 1981 | M |
| 8 | HET | Alisphaera extenta Kleijine, 2002 | N, M |
| 9 | HET | Alisphaera gaudiiKleijine, 2002 | N, M |
| 10 | POL | Alisphaera gaudii Kleijine, 2002 POL | M |
| 11 | HET | Alisphaera quadrilatera Kleijne, 2002 | M |
| 12 | HET | Alisphaera unicornisOkada & McIntyre, 1977 | M, S |
| 13 | POL | Alisphaera unicornis Manton & Oates, 1980 POL | M |
| 14 | HOL | Anthosphaera type C Cros | M |
| 15 | HET | Calcidiscus leptoporus (Murray & Blackman, 1898) Loeblich & Tappan, 1978 | N, M, S |
| 16 | HET | Calcidiscus leptoporussubsp.quadriperforatus (Kamptner, 1937) Geisen et al., 2002 | M, S |
| 17 | HOL | Calcidiscus leptoporus subsp. quadriperforatus (Kamptner 1937) Geisen et al., 2002 HOL | N, M, S |
| 18 | HOL | Calcidiscus leptoporus subsp. leptoporus (Murray & Blackman 1898) Loeblich & Tappan, 1978 HOL | S |
| 19 | HET | Calciopappus caudatus Gaarder & Ramsfjell, 1954 * | N |
| 20 | HET | Calciopappus rigidus Heimdal in Heimdal & Gaarder, 1981 | N, M |
| 21 | HET | Calciosolenia brasiliensis (Lohmann, 1919) Young in Young et al., 2003 | N, M, S |
| 22 | HET | Calciosolenia corsellii Malinverno, 2004 | N, M |
| 23 | HET | Calciosolenia murrayi Gran, 1912 | N, M, S |
| 24 | HOL | Calicasphaera blokii Kleijne, 1991 | N, M |
| 25 | HOL | Calyptrosphaera dentata Kleijne, 1991 | M, S |
| 26 | HOL | Calyptrosphaera heimdaliae Norris, 1985 | M |
| 27 | HOL | Calyptrosphaera sphaeroidea Schiller, 1913 HOL | N, M |
| 28 | CER | Ceratolithus cristatus (Kamptner 1950) CER cristatus type sensu Young et al., 2003 | M, S |
| 29 | HET | Coccolithus pelagicus (Wallich 1877) Schiller, 1930 * | N |
| 30 | HOL | Corisphaera gracilis Kamptner, 1937 | N, M |
| 31 | HET | Cyrtosphaera aculeata (Kamptner 1941) Kleijne, 1992 | N, M |
| 32 | HET | Discosphaera tubifera (Murray & Blackman 1898) Ostenfeld, 1900 | M, S |
| 33 | HET | Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann, 1902) Hay & Mohler, in Hay et al. 1967 | N, M, S |
| 34 | HET | Emiliania huxleyi type A (Lohmann, 1902) sensu Young & Westbroek, 1991 | M |
| 35 | NAN | Florisphaera profunda Okada & Honjo, 1973 | M |
| 36 | NAN | Florisphaera profunda var. profunda Okada & Honjo, 1973 | S |
| 37 | HET | Gephyrocapsa oceanica Kamptner 1943 | S |
| 38 | HET | Gladiolithus flabelatus (Halldal & Markali 1955) Jordan & Chamberlain, 1993 | M, S |
| 39 | HOL | Gliscolithus amitakareniae Norris, 1985 | M |
| 40 | HET | Helicosphaera carteri (Wallich, 1877) Kamptner,1954 | N, M, S |
| 41 | HET | Helicosphaera hyalina Gaarder,1970 | M, S |
| 42 | HET | Helicosphaera pavimentumOkada & McIntyre, 1977 | M, S |
| 43 | HOL | Helicosphaera pavimentum HOL (Kamptner, 1927) sensu Young et al., 2020 | N, M, S |
| 44 | HET | Helicosphaera wallichii (Lohmann, 1902) Okada & McIntyre, 1977 | S |
| 45 | HOL | Helicosphaera HOL catiliferus type (Kamptner, 1937) sensu Young & Bown, 2014 | N, S |
| 46 | HOL | Helicosphaera HOL confusus type (Kleijne, 1991) sensu Geisen et al. 2002 | N, M, S |
| 47 | HOL | Helladosphaera cornifera (Schiller 1913) Kamptner, 1937 | N, M |
| 48 | HOL | Homozygosphaera spinosa (Kamptner 1941) Deflandre, 1952 | N, M |
| 49 | HET | Hymenomonas roseola Stein, 1878 | M |
| 50 | HET | Michaelsarsia adriaticus (Schiller 1914) Manton et al., 1984 * | N |
| 51 | HET | Michaelsarsia elegans Gran, 1912 | N, S |
| 52 | NAN | Navilithus altivelum Young & Andruleit, 2006 | M |
| 53 | HET | Oolithotus fragilis (Lohmann 1912) Martini & Müller, 1972 | S |
| 54 | HET | Ophiaster formosus Gran, 1912 | M |
| 55 | HET | Ophiaster hydroideus (Lohmann 1903) Lohmann, 1913 | N, M, S |
| 56 | HET | Ophiaster minimus Manton & Oates, 1983 | M |
| 57 | HET | Palusphaera crosiae Archontikis & Young 2021 | M ° |
| 58 | HET | Palusphaera vandelii Lecal, 1965 | N, M |
| 59 | HET | Pappomonas sp. Manton & Oates | M |
| 60 | HET | Pappomonas sp. type 1 Cros & Fortuno, 2002 | M |
| 61 | HET | Pappomonas sp. type 3 Cros & Fortuno, 2002 | M |
| 62 | HET | Papposphaera lepida Tangen, 1972 | M |
| 63 | HET | Papposphaera sp. type 3 Cros & Fortuno, 2002 | M |
| 64 | HET | Papposphaera thomsenii Norris, 1983 | M |
| 65 | HOL | Papposphaera sp. HOL | M |
| 66 | HET | Picarola margalefii Cros & Estrada, 2004 | M |
| 67 | NAN | Pileolosphaera longistirpes Meier, Kinkel & Young 2014 | N, M * |
| 68 | POL | Polycrater sp. ladle-like Cros & Fortuño, 2002 | M |
| 69 | HET | Pontosphaera syracusana Lohmann, 1902 | S |
| 70 | HOL | Poritectolithus poritectus (Heimdal in Heimdal & Gaarder 1980) Kleijne, 1991 | M |
| 71 | HET | Reticulofenestra sessilis (Lohmann 1912) Jordan & Young, 1990 | S |
| 72 | HET | Rhabdosphaera clavigera Murray & Blackman, 1898 | M, S |
| 73 | HET | Rhabdosphaera clavigera var. stylifera (Lohmann, 1902) Kleijne & Jordan, 1990 | N, M |
| 74 | HET | Rhabdosphaera xiphos (Deflandre & Fert 1954) Norris, 1984 | N, M, S |
| 75 | HET | Scyphosphaera apsteinii Lohmann, 1902 | S |
| 76 | HOL | Scyphosphaera apsteinii Lohmann, 1902 HOL | M |
| 77 | HOL | Sphaerocalyptra cf. adenensis of Cros & Fortuño 2003 | M |
| 78 | HOL | Sphaerocalyptra sp. 1 Cros & Fortuño, 2002 | M |
| 79 | HOL | Sphaerocalyptra sp. 2 Cros & Fortuño, 2002 | M |
| 80 | HOL | Sphaerocalyptra sp. 3 Cros & Fortuño, 2002 | M |
| 81 | HOL | Sphaerocalyptra sp. 5 Cros & Fortuño, 2002 | M |
| 82 | HOL | Sphaerocalyptra sp. 6 Cros & Fortuño, 2002 | M |
| 83 | HOL | Syracolithus sp. type A Kleijne, 1991 | M |
| 84 | HET | Syracosphaera ampliora Okada & McIntyre, 1977 | N, M |
| 85 | HET | Syracosphaera anthos (Lohmann, 1912) Janin,1987 | M, S |
| 86 | HOL | Syracosphaera anthos (Lohmann 1912) Janin, 1987 HOL | M, S |
| 87 | HET | Syracosphaera arethusae (Kamptner, 1941) Triantaphyllou et al. 2016 | N, M |
| 88 | HOL | Syracosphaera arethusae (Kamptner 1941) Triantaphyllou et al. 2016 HOL | N, M, S |
| 89 | HOL | Syracosphaera aurisinae HOL (Kamptner 1941) Keuter et al., 2021 | M |
| 90 | HET | Syracosphaera azureaplaneta Young, 2018 | M |
| 91 | HET | Syracosphaera bannockii (Borsetti & Cati 1976) Cros et al., 2000 | N, M, S |
| 92 | HOL | Syracosphaera bannockii (Borsetti & Cati 1976) Cros et al., 2000 HOL | M |
| 93 | HET | Syracosphaera corolla Lecal, 1966 emend Young et al. 2018 | N, M |
| 94 | HET | Syracosphaera dilatata Jordan et al., 1993 | N, M |
| 95 | HOL | Syracosphaera elevata Archontikis, Young & Cros 2020 HOL | M * |
| 96 | HOL | Syracosphaera gaarderae (Borsetti & Cati 1976) Keuter, Young & Frada 2019 HOL | M |
| 97 | HET | Syracosphaera halldaliiGaarder, in Gaarder & Hasle 1971 ex Jordan, 1994 | M, S |
| 98 | HOL | Calyptrolithina divergens (Halldal & Markali 1955) Heimdal, 1982, Triantaphyllou et al. 2004 (Syracosphaera halldalii HOL) | N, M |
| 99 | HET | Syracosphaera histricaKamptner, 1941 | N, M, S |
| 100 | HOL | Syracosphaera histrica Kamptner, 1941 HOL | N, M |
| 101 | HOL | Syracosphaera lafourcadii (Lecal 1967) Archontikis et al., 2020 HOL | M |
| 102 | HET | Syracosphaera lamina Lecal-Schlauder, 1951 | M |
| 103 | HET | Syracosphaera marginaporataKnappertsbusch, 1993 | N, M |
| 104 | HOL | Syracosphaera marginiporata Knappertsbusch 1993 HOL | M |
| 105 | HET | Syracosphaera mediterraneaLohmann, 1902 | N, M, S |
| 106 | HET | Syracosphaera mediterraneavar. binodata (Kamptner, 1927) sensu Triantaphyllou et al. (2016) & Young et al. (2020) | S |
| 107 | HOL | Syracosphaera mediterranea Lohmann 1902 HOL gracillima type, sensu Geisen et al., 2002 | M |
| 108 | HOL | Syracosphaera mediterranea Lohmann 1902 HOL hellenica type, sensu Cros et al., 2000 | M |
| 109 | HOL | Syracosphaera mediterranea Lohmann 1902 HOL wettsteinii type, sensu Geisen et al., 2002 | N, M |
| 110 | HET | Syracosphaera molischiiSchiller, 1925 | N, M, S |
| 111 | HET | Syracosphaera molischii type 1 (Schiller, 1925) sensu Young et al. 2003 | N |
| 112 | HET | Syracosphaera molischii type 2 (Schiller, 1925) sensu Young et al. 2003 | N |
| 113 | HET | Syracosphaera molischii type 3 (Schiller, 1925) sensu Young et al. 2003 | M |
| 114 | HET | Syracosphaera molischii type 4 (Schiller, 1925) sensu Young et al. 2003 | M |
| 115 | HOL | Syracosphaera molischii Schiller, 1925 HOL | N, M |
| 116 | HET | Syracosphaera nana (Kamptner, 1941) Okada & McIntyre, 1977 | M |
| 117 | HOL | Syracosphaera nana (Kamptner 1941) Okada & McIntyre, 1977 HOL | M |
| 118 | HET | Syracosphaera nodosa Kamptner, 1941 | N, M |
| 119 | HET | Syracosphaera orbiculus Okada & McIntyre, 1977 | M |
| 120 | HOL | Syracosphaera origami (Cros & McGrane 2014) Archontikis et al. 2020 HOL | M |
| 121 | HET | Syracosphaera ossa (Lecal 1966) Loeblich & Tappan, 1968 | M |
| 122 | HET | Syracosphaera ossa type 1 (Lecal 1966) Loeblich & Tappan, 1968, of Young et al. 2003 | M |
| 123 | HET | Syracosphaera ossa type 2 (Lecal 1966) Loeblich & Tappan, 1968, of Young et al. 2003 | N, M |
| 124 | HOL | Syracosphaera periperforata (Kleijne 1991) Archontikis, Young & Cros 2020 HOL | M |
| 125 | HOL | Syracosphaera periperforata Kleijne 1991 var. periperforata HOL sensu Archontikis et al., 2020 | N, M |
| 126 | HOL | Syracosphaera periperforata Klejine 1991 var. cylindrata HOL sensu Archontikis et al., 2020 | M |
| 127 | HET | Syracosphaera prolongata Gran 1912 ex Lohmann, 1913 | M, S |
| 128 | HET | Syracosphaera protrudens Okada & McIntyre, 1977 | N, M |
| 129 | HET | Syracosphaera pulchraLohmann, 1902 | N, M, S |
| 130 | HOL | Syracosphaera pulchra Lohmann, 1902 HOL oblonga type, sensu Young et al., 2003 | N, M, S |
| 131 | HOL | Syracosphaera pulchra Lohmann, 1902 HOL pirus type, sensu Young et al., 2003 | M |
| 132 | HOL | Syracosphaera rotaconica Archontikis, Young & Cros, in Archontikis et al., 2020 HOL | M |
| 133 | HET | Syracosphaera rotula Okada & McIntyre, 1977 | M |
| 134 | HET | Syracosphaera strigilis (Gaarder 1962) Šupraha et al., 2018 | N, M |
| 135 | HOL | Syracosphaera strigilis (Gaarder, 1962) Supraha et al., 2018 HOL | N, M |
| 136 | HET | Syracosphaera tumularis Sánchez-Suárez, 1990 | M |
| 137 | HET | Tergestiella adriatica Kamptner, 1941 | N |
| 138 | HET | Umbellosphaera tenuis (Kamptner 1937) Paasche in Markali & Paasche, 1955 | M, S |
| 139 | HET | Umbilicosphaera foliosa (Kamptner 1963) Geisen in Sáez et al., 2003 | S |
| 140 | HET | Umbilicosphaera sibogae var sibogue (Weber—van Bosse 1901) Gaarder, 1970 | M, S |
| 141 | HOL | Zygosphaera amoena Kamptner, 1937 | M |
°Palusphaera sp. Cros & Fortuño, 2002—published in Skejić et al. 2018. has been confirmed as Palusphaera crosiae Archontikis & Young 2021. * personal observation—unpublished species.
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MDPI and ACS Style
Godrijan, J.; Arapov, J.; Skejić, S.; Bužančić, M. Back to Basics: Revision of Coccolithophore Species List in the Adriatic Sea. Water 2023, 15, 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15030603
AMA Style
Godrijan J, Arapov J, Skejić S, Bužančić M. Back to Basics: Revision of Coccolithophore Species List in the Adriatic Sea. Water. 2023; 15(3):603. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15030603
Chicago/Turabian StyleGodrijan, Jelena, Jasna Arapov, Sanda Skejić, and Mia Bužančić. 2023. "Back to Basics: Revision of Coccolithophore Species List in the Adriatic Sea" Water 15, no. 3: 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15030603
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