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Article

Spatiotemporal Assessment of Water Pollution for Beira Lake, Sri Lanka

by
Sangeeth Prasad
1,2,3,4,
Yuansong Wei
1,2,3,*,
Tushara Chaminda
5,
Tharindu Ritigala
2,6,
Lijun Yu
3,7,*,
K. B. S. N. Jinadasa
8,
H. M. S. Wasana
1,4,9,
Suresh Indika
1,2,3,4,
Isuru Yapabandara
4,
Dazhou Hu
1,2,3,
Madhubhashini Makehelwala
4,
Sujithra K. Weragoda
4,10,
Jianfeng Zhu
7 and
Zongke Zhang
7
1
State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
2
Laboratory of Water Pollution Control Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
3
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
4
China-Sri Lanka Joint Research and Demonstration Center for Water Technology, E.O.E Pereira Mawatha, Meewathura, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
5
Faculty of Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Hapugala, Galle 80000, Sri Lanka
6
Beijing Enterprises Water Group Limited, BEWG Building, Poly International Plaza T3, Zone 7, Wangjingdongyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China
7
Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
8
School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, QLD 4670, Australia
9
Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
10
National Water Supply and Drainage Board, Katugastota 20800, Sri Lanka
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2024, 16(11), 1616; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16111616
Submission received: 21 April 2024 / Revised: 27 May 2024 / Accepted: 29 May 2024 / Published: 5 June 2024
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Abstract

Beira Lake, located in Colombo, Sri Lanka, has suffered severe anthropogenic impacts, with previous restoration attempts failing due to a limited understanding of pollutant dynamics. Aiming to fill this gap, a comprehensive study was conducted during dry and wet seasons to assess the spatiotemporal water pollution of Beira Lake, employing key physicochemical parameters, numerical indices, and remote sensing analysis. The water pollution index (WPI) results categorize Beira Lake as highly polluted, with WPI values ranging from 2.38 ± 0.92 in the wet season to 2.53 ± 1.32 in the dry season. Comparatively higher COD levels recorded in the Beira Lake network, especially for Gangarama Lake show significant pollution levels during both the dry and wet seasons, e.g., the highest COD levels, at 306.40 mg/L, were observed during the wet season. The Trophic State Index (TSI) results indicate eutrophic and hypereutrophic conditions in Beira Lake, which are particularly pronounced during the wet season. The heavy metal pollution index (HPI) results suggest elevated heavy metal concentrations in Beira Lake, especially in the wet season. Combined with field investigation results, a remote sensing data analysis between 2016 and 2023 reveals significant improvements in water transparency, suggesting positive effects of recent management interventions. Parameters demanding attention include COD, nitrate, and total phosphate levels due to their consistent exceedance of permissible limits. The PCA results of indices correlations between wet and dry seasons offer valuable insights into the complex dynamics of Beira Lake’s water quality. The study makes recommendations for restoring Beira Lake, including stringent pollution controls, regular dredging, green infrastructure implementation, implementing new rules and regulations, and community engagement.
Keywords: Beira Lake; water pollution; eutrophication; spatiotemporal variation; water quality assessment Beira Lake; water pollution; eutrophication; spatiotemporal variation; water quality assessment

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Prasad, S.; Wei, Y.; Chaminda, T.; Ritigala, T.; Yu, L.; Jinadasa, K.B.S.N.; Wasana, H.M.S.; Indika, S.; Yapabandara, I.; Hu, D.; et al. Spatiotemporal Assessment of Water Pollution for Beira Lake, Sri Lanka. Water 2024, 16, 1616. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16111616

AMA Style

Prasad S, Wei Y, Chaminda T, Ritigala T, Yu L, Jinadasa KBSN, Wasana HMS, Indika S, Yapabandara I, Hu D, et al. Spatiotemporal Assessment of Water Pollution for Beira Lake, Sri Lanka. Water. 2024; 16(11):1616. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16111616

Chicago/Turabian Style

Prasad, Sangeeth, Yuansong Wei, Tushara Chaminda, Tharindu Ritigala, Lijun Yu, K. B. S. N. Jinadasa, H. M. S. Wasana, Suresh Indika, Isuru Yapabandara, Dazhou Hu, and et al. 2024. "Spatiotemporal Assessment of Water Pollution for Beira Lake, Sri Lanka" Water 16, no. 11: 1616. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16111616

APA Style

Prasad, S., Wei, Y., Chaminda, T., Ritigala, T., Yu, L., Jinadasa, K. B. S. N., Wasana, H. M. S., Indika, S., Yapabandara, I., Hu, D., Makehelwala, M., Weragoda, S. K., Zhu, J., & Zhang, Z. (2024). Spatiotemporal Assessment of Water Pollution for Beira Lake, Sri Lanka. Water, 16(11), 1616. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16111616

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