Environmental and Economic Evaluation of the Sequential Combination of Coagulation–Flocculation with Different Electro-Fenton-Based Configurations for the Treatment of Raw Textile Wastewater

This study reports, for the first time, on the assessment of a multistage sequential system composed of coagulation–flocculation with different electro-Fenton-based configurations, followed by neutralization (N), for the treatment of raw textile wastewater heavily contaminated with acid black 194 dye and other pollutants. Electrochemical peroxidation (ECP-N), electro-Fenton (EF-N) and peroxi-coagulation (PC-N) were tested at laboratory scale and compared in terms of their efficiency for the removal of organic matter and color, current efficiency and energetic parameter, operating cost and environmental sustainability using life cycle analysis conducted in large-scale virtual reactors. The three electro-Fenton-based systems complied with current environmental standards (color removal > 87%, COD < 400 mg/L, among others) requiring different electrolysis times: ECP-N (52 min) < PC-N (120 min) < EF-N (160 min); energy consumptions: ECP-N (2.27 kWh/m³) < PC-N (4.28 kWh/m³) < EF-N (33.2 kWh/m³); operational costs: ECP-N (2.63 USD/m³) < EF-N (6.65 USD/m³) < PC-N (6.98 USD/m³); among others. Electricity (for ECP-N and EF-N) and reagents (for ECP-N and PC-N) were found as main environmental hotspots. ECP-N presented the lowest carbon footprint of 10.3 kg CO₂-Eq/FU (<PC-N (26.3 kg CO₂-Eq/FU) < EF-N (38.0 kg CO₂-Eq/FU), had lower incidence in all the impact categories analyzed (ReCiPe-2016 at midpoint level) and can be considered technically, economically and environmentally sustainable for large-scale applications.