Analysis of Fill Dam Using Finite Element Method and Comparison with Monitoring Results
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Monitoring and Inspection of Fill Dams
2.1. Piezometers
2.2. Survey Points
2.3. Extensometers
2.4. Water Pressure Meters
2.5. Inclinometers
2.6. Settlement Meters
3. Method and Application
4. Analysis Results
4.1. Comparison and Evaluation of Analysis Results of Survey Points and Measurement Results
4.2. Comparison and Evaluation of Analysis Results of Piezometers and Dam Measurement Results
5. Results and Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dam | Year | Country | Death | Collapse Reason |
---|---|---|---|---|
Derna dam | 2023 | Libya | 18,000–20,000 | Body collapse |
Brumadinho dam | 2019 | Brazil | 270 | Weak regulatory structures and regulatory gaps |
Koshi | 2008 | Nepal | 250 | Extreme rainfall |
Kantale | 1986 | Siri Lanka | 180 | Faulty operation |
Val di Stava | 1985 | Italy | 268 | Faulty design and construction |
Machchu 2 | 1979 | India | 5000 | Water exceeding the dam |
Banqiao/Shimantan | 1975 | China | 171,000 | Extreme rainfall |
Canyon Lake | 1972 | USA | 238 | Flooding |
Buffalo Creek | 1972 | USA | 125 | Extreme rainfall |
Sempor | 1967 | Indonesia | >2000 | Water exceeding the dam |
Vratsa | 1966 | Bulgaria | 107 | Mud and water flooding |
Vaiont | 1963 | İtaly | 2000 | Water exceeding the dam |
Panshet | 1961 | India | 1000 | Body collapse |
Malpesset | 1959 | France | 423 | Under construction |
Vega de Tera | 1959 | Spain | 144 | Body collapse |
Sella Zerbino | 1935 | İtaly | 111 | Geological instability/flood |
St. Francis | 1928 | USA | 600 | Geological instability |
Gleno | 1923 | İtaly | 356 | Faulty design and construction |
Tigra | 1917 | India | 1000 | Water seepage from the foundation |
South Fork | 1889 | USA | 2209 | Extreme rainfall |
Mill Nehri | 1874 | USA | 139 | Faulty design |
Dale Dike | 1864 | England | 244 | Faulty construction |
Puentes | 1802 | Spain | 608 | Soft soil |
Material | Material Model | Drainage Type | γunsat γsat (kN/m3) | E50ref (kN/m2) | kx − ky (m/day) | c′ref (kN/m2) | φ′ (°) | ψ′ (°) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Injection Wall—cover Injection | L.E. 1 | Non-porous | 24.00 | 20,000 | - | - | - | - |
Alluvium | H.S. 2 | Drained | 19.00 20.00 | 5000 | 3.024 | 5 | 30 | 0 |
Schist | H.S. | Drained | 27.00 28.00 | 50,000,000 | 30.24 | 20,000 | 30 | 0 |
Clayey slope rubble | H.S. | Drained | 19.00 20.00 | 20,000 | 0.0864 | 10 | 35 | 5 |
Impermeable Clay core | H.S. | Undrained-A | 18.60 19.60 | 25,000 | 0.007957 | 120.6 | 20 | 0 |
Permeable Sand–gravel | H.S. | Drained | 16.90 17.90 | 30,000 | 8.64 | 0 | 36 | 6 |
Sand filter | H.S. | Drained | 16.70 17.70 | 25,000 | 86.4 | 0 | 37 | 7 |
Gravel filter | H.S. | Drained | 17.10 18.10 | 32,000 | 864 | 0 | 38 | 8 |
Tuvenan filter | H.S. | Drained | 16.90 17.90 | 30,000 | 8.64 | 0 | 37 | 7 |
Rockfill | H.S. | Drained | 26.50 27.50 | 200,000 | 864 | 0 | 42 | 12 |
Riprap | H.S. | Drained | 26.50 27.50 | 200,000 | 8640 | 0 | 42 | 12 |
R3 | R4 | R5 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day | Water Level (m) | Measured Values (m) | Computed Values (m) | Measured Values (m) | Computed Values (m) | Measured Values (m) | Computed Values (m) |
30 September 2009 | 0.00 | 182.572 | 182.572 | 182.632 | 182.632 | 182.592 | 182.592 |
13 April 2010 | 0.00 | 182.630 | 182.571 | 182.660 | 182.632 | 182.633 | 182.593 |
27 December 2010 | 108.53 | 182.540 | 182.650 | 182.570 | 182.679 | 182.550 | 182.629 |
22 February 2011 | 120.55 | 182.638 | 182.684 | 182.633 | 182.693 | 182.629 | 182.640 |
18 April 2011 | 125.55 | 182.639 | 182.689 | 182.660 | 182.700 | 182.653 | 182.648 |
24 January 2013 | 154.36 | 182.518 | 182.752 | 182.529 | 182.741 | 182.518 | 182.711 |
15 November 2013 | 158.70 | 182.490 | 182.763 | 182.506 | 182.744 | 182.501 | 182.726 |
21 April 2015 | 167.01 | 182.470 | 182.785 | 182.480 | 182.758 | 182.450 | 182.755 |
18 March 2016 | 162.00 | 182.430 | 182.772 | 182.440 | 182.749 | 182.410 | 182.739 |
16 March 2017 | 145.90 | 182.420 | 182.756 | 182.420 | 182.722 | 182.380 | 182.684 |
25 March 2019 | 152.80 | 182.430 | 182.783 | 182.430 | 182.732 | 182.400 | 182.702 |
1 June 2021 | 134.29 | 182.410 | 182.743 | 182.390 | 182.706 | 182.400 | 182.656 |
9 November 2022 | 124.81 | 182.490 | 182.685 | 182.506 | 182.694 | 182.501 | 182.641 |
R20 | R21 | R22 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day | Water Level (m) | Measured Values (m) | Computed Values (m) | Measured Values (m) | Computed Values (m) | Measured Values (m) | Computed Values (m) |
30 September 2009 | 0.00 | 141.202 | 141.202 | 141.442 | 141.442 | 142.122 | 142.122 |
13 April 2010 | 0.00 | 141.245 | 141.202 | 141.494 | 141.442 | 142.190 | 142.122 |
27 December 2010 | 108.53 | 141.190 | 141.200 | 141.420 | 141.439 | 142.100 | 142.125 |
22 February 2011 | 120.55 | 141.232 | 141.199 | 141.516 | 141.439 | 142.199 | 142.125 |
18 April 2011 | 125.55 | 141.249 | 141.199 | 141.501 | 141.438 | 142.153 | 142.125 |
24 January 2013 | 154.36 | 141.154 | 141.197 | 141.424 | 141.435 | 142.082 | 142.124 |
15 November 2013 | 158.70 | 141.157 | 141.196 | 141.434 | 141.435 | 142.099 | 142.123 |
21 April 2015 | 167.01 | 141.160 | 141.195 | 141.430 | 141.434 | 142.110 | 142.121 |
18 March 2016 | 162.00 | 141.120 | 141.196 | 141.360 | 141.434 | 142.080 | 142.122 |
16 March 2017 | 145.90 | 141.120 | 141.197 | 141.370 | 141.436 | 142.070 | 142.122 |
25 March 2019 | 152.80 | 141.120 | 141.196 | 141.370 | 141.435 | 142.080 | 142.122 |
1 June 2021 | 134.29 | 141.120 | 141.197 | 141.370 | 141.436 | 142.090 | 142.122 |
9 November 2022 | 124.81 | 141.157 | 141.198 | 141.434 | 141.437 | 142.099 | 142.121 |
R28 | R29 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day | Water Level (m) | Measured Values (m) | Computed Values (m) | Measured Values (m) | Computed Values (m) |
30 September 2009 | 0.00 | 141.202 | 141.202 | 141.442 | 141.442 |
13 April 2010 | 0.00 | 141.245 | 141.202 | 141.494 | 141.442 |
27 December 2010 | 108.53 | 141.190 | 141.200 | 141.420 | 141.439 |
22 February 2011 | 120.55 | 141.232 | 141.199 | 141.516 | 141.439 |
18 April 2011 | 125.55 | 141.249 | 141.199 | 141.501 | 141.438 |
24 January 2013 | 154.36 | 141.154 | 141.197 | 141.424 | 141.435 |
15 November 2013 | 158.70 | 141.157 | 141.196 | 141.434 | 141.435 |
21 April 2015 | 167.01 | 141.160 | 141.195 | 141.430 | 141.434 |
18 March 2016 | 162.00 | 141.120 | 141.196 | 141.360 | 141.434 |
16 March 2017 | 145.90 | 141.120 | 141.197 | 141.370 | 141.436 |
25 March 2019 | 152.80 | 141.120 | 141.196 | 141.370 | 141.435 |
1 June 2021 | 134.29 | 141.120 | 141.197 | 141.370 | 141.436 |
9 November 2022 | 124.81 | 141.157 | 141.198 | 141.434 | 141.437 |
R3 | R4 | R5 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day | Water Level (m) | Measured Values (m) | Computed Values (m) | Measured Values (m) | Computed Values (m) | Measured Values (m) | Computed Values (m) |
30 September 2009 | 0.00 | 8.94 | 8.940 | 9.05 | 9.050 | 9.06 | 9.060 |
13 April 2010 | 0.00 | 8.94 | 8.940 | 9.05 | 9.050 | 9.05 | 9.059 |
27 December 2010 | 108.53 | 8.93 | 8.908 | 9.04 | 9.033 | 9.04 | 9.022 |
22 February 2011 | 120.55 | 8.92 | 8.891 | 9.04 | 9.027 | 9.04 | 9.009 |
18 April 2011 | 125.55 | 8.92 | 8.888 | 9.03 | 9.025 | 9.03 | 8.999 |
24 January 2013 | 154.36 | 8.92 | 8.848 | 9.02 | 9.004 | 9.02 | 8.919 |
15 November 2013 | 158.70 | 8.91 | 8.842 | 9.01 | 9.006 | 9.01 | 8.900 |
21 April 2015 | 167.01 | 8.90 | 8.828 | 8.99 | 8.996 | 9.00 | 8.861 |
18 March 2016 | 162.00 | 8.91 | 8.839 | 9.01 | 9.005 | 9.00 | 8.883 |
16 March 2017 | 145.90 | 8.91 | 8.858 | 9.00 | 9.027 | 9.00 | 8.953 |
25 March 2019 | 152.80 | 8.90 | 8.840 | 8.99 | 9.020 | 9.01 | 8.930 |
1 June 2021 | 134.29 | 8.90 | 8.868 | 9.00 | 9.035 | 9.01 | 8.988 |
9 November 2022 | 124.81 | 8.91 | 8.901 | 9.01 | 9.041 | 9.01 | 9.006 |
R20 | R21 | R22 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day | Water Level (m) | Measured Values (m) | Computed Values (m) | Measured Values (m) | Computed Values (m) | Measured Values (m) | Computed Values (m) |
30 September 2009 | 0.00 | 89.89 | 89.890 | 89.91 | 89.910 | 90.00 | 90.000 |
13 April 2010 | 0.00 | 89.89 | 89.890 | 89.93 | 89.910 | 90.00 | 90.000 |
27 December 2010 | 108.53 | 89.9 | 89.897 | 89.95 | 89.918 | 90.01 | 90.016 |
22 February 2011 | 120.55 | 89.9 | 89.900 | 89.95 | 89.921 | 90.00 | 90.022 |
18 April 2011 | 125.55 | 89.91 | 89.900 | 89.95 | 89.922 | 90.00 | 90.026 |
24 January 2013 | 154.36 | 89.92 | 89.907 | 89.96 | 89.931 | 90.01 | 90.059 |
15 November 2013 | 158.70 | 89.91 | 89.908 | 89.96 | 89.931 | 90.01 | 90.067 |
21 April 2015 | 167.01 | 89.93 | 89.910 | 89.96 | 89.935 | 90.03 | 90.083 |
18 March 2016 | 162.00 | 89.93 | 89.909 | 89.96 | 89.933 | 89.99 | 90.076 |
16 March 2017 | 145.90 | 89.93 | 89.906 | 89.98 | 89.927 | 90.02 | 90.050 |
25 March 2019 | 152.80 | 89.92 | 89.909 | 89.97 | 89.929 | 89.95 | 90.059 |
1 June 2021 | 134.29 | 89.92 | 89.905 | 89.97 | 89.924 | 89.99 | 90.036 |
9 November 2022 | 124.81 | 89.91 | 89.899 | 89.96 | 89.922 | 90.01 | 90.029 |
R28 | R29 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day | Water Level (m) | Measured Values (m) | Computed Values (m) | Measured Values (m) | Computed Values (m) |
30 September 2009 | 0.00 | 159.83 | 159.830 | 159.97 | 159.970 |
13 April 2010 | 0.00 | 159.83 | 159.830 | 159.97 | 159.970 |
27 December 2010 | 108.53 | 159.86 | 159.831 | 160.00 | 159.973 |
22 February 2011 | 120.55 | 159.85 | 159.831 | 159.99 | 159.973 |
18 April 2011 | 125.55 | 159.86 | 159.831 | 159.98 | 159.974 |
24 January 2013 | 154.36 | 159.86 | 159.832 | 159.99 | 159.979 |
15 November 2013 | 158.70 | 159.86 | 159.833 | 159.99 | 159.980 |
21 April 2015 | 167.01 | 159.88 | 159.833 | 160.00 | 159.983 |
18 March 2016 | 162.00 | 159.88 | 159.833 | 160.00 | 159.982 |
16 March 2017 | 145.90 | 159.88 | 159.832 | 160.00 | 159.978 |
25 March 2019 | 152.80 | 159.87 | 159.832 | 160.00 | 159.979 |
1 June 2021 | 134.29 | 159.87 | 159.832 | 160.00 | 159.975 |
9 November 2022 | 124.81 | 159.86 | 159.831 | 159.99 | 159.974 |
P29 Elevation: 76 m Dam Axis | P15 Elevation: 78 m Dam Axis | P1 Elevation: 85 m Dam Axis | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day | Water Level (m) | Measured Values (m) | Computed Values (m) | Measured Values (m) | Computed Values (m) | Measured Values (m) | Computed Values (m) |
15 April 2010 | 0.00 | 269.182 | −13.305 | 1.898 | −30.882 | 279.317 | −85.684 |
15 June 2010 | 100.00 | 270.014 | 103.581 | 2.462 | 88.753 | 281.410 | 49.766 |
21 December 2010 | 107.38 | 272.719 | 159.598 | 2.872 | 116.783 | 284.130 | 103.104 |
6 January 2011 | 111.24 | 276.777 | 176.210 | 2.821 | 135.142 | 289.936 | 104.156 |
12 April 2011 | 125.23 | 322.749 | 252.550 | 3.693 | 214.872 | 346.694 | 177.576 |
9 September 2011 | 117.50 | 319.629 | 204.360 | 2.103 | 170.209 | 333.982 | 139.146 |
8 February 2012 | 139.80 | 372.591 | 346.335 | 4.513 | 310.458 | 401.526 | 317.345 |
26 September 2012 | 150.00 | 448.004 | 421.692 | 7.080 | 379.844 | 477.268 | 379.853 |
3 July 2014 | 160.50 | 545.806 | 493.654 | 7.539 | 448.420 | 561.823 | 443.309 |
2 September 2014 | 155.16 | 533.838 | 458.551 | 6.528 | 414.810 | 544.012 | 413.201 |
15 May 2015 | 167.53 | 591.464 | 533.020 | 8.052 | 488.802 | 611.004 | 481.203 |
22 July 2015 | 165.55 | 589.205 | 526.480 | 7.539 | 480.783 | 606.805 | 472.757 |
27 October 2015 | 160.16 | 572.870 | 494.964 | 7.539 | 447.806 | 586.407 | 442.076 |
30 December 2015 | 158.24 | 567.477 | 479.013 | 8.549 | 435.622 | 580.119 | 430.801 |
9 February 2016 | 160.22 | 607.424 | 495.562 | 9.062 | 446.896 | 589.561 | 440.346 |
31 May 2017 | 147.07 | 525.297 | 400.908 | 5.548 | 361.028 | 531.468 | 363.396 |
22 November 2018 | 136.06 | 483.387 | 319.815 | 6.498 | 286.176 | 484.905 | 296.374 |
19 February 2020 | 145.63 | 526.612 | 388.919 | 9.062 | 351.114 | 534.098 | 354.265 |
31 October 2020 | 126.98 | 451.747 | 263.510 | 8.052 | 226.605 | 440.934 | 185.594 |
2 May 2021 | 132.70 | 464.832 | 297.030 | 9.575 | 265.265 | 470.306 | 204.387 |
21 May 2022 | 135.01 | 467.310 | 312.023 | 10.088 | 246.550 | 481.879 | 211.358 |
13 August 2022 | 129.51 | 465.788 | 278.289 | 9.108 | 246.785 | 461.843 | 194.200 |
8 November 2022 | 124.83 | 446.179 | 251.096 | 9.062 | 213.317 | 438.304 | 177.121 |
1 March 2023 | 128.04 | 451.157 | 269.291 | 10.103 | 235.862 | 439.928 | 188.843 |
P37 Elevation: 130 m Upstream-15 m | T4 Elevation: 55 m Downstream-15 m | T6 Elevation: 55 m Downstream-15 m | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day | Water Level (m) | Measured Values (m) | Computed Values (m) | Measured Values (m) | Computed Values (m) | Measured Values (m) | Computed Values (m) |
15 April 2010 | 0.00 | −340.182 | −398.412 | 255.037 | 193.924 | 270.504 | 194.954 |
15 June 2010 | 100.00 | −340.678 | −309.076 | 293.736 | 302.963 | 273.226 | 305.511 |
21 December 2010 | 107.38 | −339.630 | −252.429 | 300.992 | 328.845 | 276.274 | 345.165 |
6 January 2011 | 111.24 | −339.465 | −235.634 | 303.949 | 343.642 | 281.662 | 356.251 |
12 April 2011 | 125.23 | −338.638 | −158.898 | 335.075 | 404.019 | 336.308 | 404.952 |
9 September 2011 | 117.50 | −340.458 | −208.173 | 334.053 | 370.141 | 327.055 | 374.049 |
8 February 2012 | 139.80 | −337.315 | −48.661 | 372.011 | 472.167 | 392.637 | 461.352 |
26 September 2012 | 150.00 | −45.963 | 83.246 | 419.441 | 519.294 | 469.695 | 503.996 |
3 July 2014 | 160.50 | 361.518 | 227.228 | 473.872 | 563.973 | 565.466 | 547.773 |
2 September 2014 | 155.16 | 297.789 | 153.018 | 463.652 | 542.458 | 548.598 | 525.075 |
15 May 2015 | 167.53 | 497.690 | 298.287 | 501.308 | 590.410 | 612.803 | 571.340 |
22 July 2015 | 165.55 | 500.984 | 286.034 | 498.080 | 583.574 | 607.362 | 564.801 |
27 October 2015 | 160.16 | 401.612 | 228.508 | 487.859 | 562.655 | 590.495 | 546.608 |
30 December 2015 | 158.24 | 369.757 | 192.389 | 484.631 | 555.230 | 583.421 | 537.288 |
9 February 2016 | 160.22 | 378.545 | 228.407 | 488.935 | 562.857 | 593.759 | 546.806 |
31 May 2017 | 147.07 | 100.418 | 46.275 | 455.584 | 506.354 | 533.362 | 492.410 |
22 November 2018 | 136.06 | −10.733 | −86.326 | 432.456 | 454.653 | 485.476 | 445.189 |
19 February 2020 | 145.63 | 70.161 | 25.702 | 457.735 | 499.708 | 533.362 | 486.318 |
31 October 2020 | 126.98 | −4.678 | −148.114 | 422.237 | 411.916 | 444.663 | 411.149 |
2 May 2021 | 132.70 | −116.444 | −112.863 | 426.002 | 440.003 | 465.886 | 431.796 |
21 May 2022 | 135.01 | −183.096 | −95.802 | 429.767 | 449.890 | 472.961 | 440.697 |
13 August 2022 | 129.51 | −173.179 | −133.008 | 421.162 | 426.466 | 453.370 | 420.205 |
8 November 2022 | 124.83 | −183.096 | −160.672 | 410.406 | 402.246 | 429.425 | 403.546 |
1 March 2023 | 128.04 | −201.829 | −142.093 | 417.397 | 418.898 | 437.044 | 414.958 |
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Sarayli, S.; Sert, S.; Sonmez, O. Analysis of Fill Dam Using Finite Element Method and Comparison with Monitoring Results. Water 2024, 16, 2387. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172387
Sarayli S, Sert S, Sonmez O. Analysis of Fill Dam Using Finite Element Method and Comparison with Monitoring Results. Water. 2024; 16(17):2387. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172387
Chicago/Turabian StyleSarayli, Suleyman, Sedat Sert, and Osman Sonmez. 2024. "Analysis of Fill Dam Using Finite Element Method and Comparison with Monitoring Results" Water 16, no. 17: 2387. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172387