Ecological and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Groundwater within an Agricultural Ecosystem Using GIS and Multivariate Statistical Analysis (MSA): A Case Study of the Mnasra Region, Gharb Plain, Morocco
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Study Area
2.2. Sampling Collection and Analysis
2.3. Multivariate Statistical Analysis
2.4. Pollution Evaluation Indices
2.4.1. Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI)
2.4.2. Metal Index (MI)
2.4.3. Degree of Contamination (Cd)
2.4.4. Ecological Risk Index (ERI)
2.4.5. Pollution Index (PI)
2.5. Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. HMs Analysis and Spatial Variation
3.2. Multivariate Statistical Analysis
3.2.1. Correlation Matrix Analysis
3.2.2. Principal Component Analysis
3.2.3. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis
3.3. Pollution Assessment Using HMs Pollution Indices
3.3.1. Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI)
3.3.2. Metal Index (MI)
3.3.3. Degree of Contamination (Cd)
3.3.4. Ecological Risk Index (ERI)
3.3.5. Pollution Index (PI)
3.4. Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Si (µg/L) | Wi | MACi (µg/L) |
---|---|---|---|
As | 10 | 0.1349614 | 10 |
Cd | 3 | 0.4498715 | 30 |
Cr | 50 | 0.0269923 | 50 |
Cu | 2000 | 0.0006748 | 2000 |
Fe | 300 | 0.0044987 | 300 |
Hg | 6 | 0.2249357 | 6 |
Mn | 400 | 0.003374 | 400 |
Ni | 70 | 0.0192802 | 70 |
Pb | 10 | 0.1349614 | 10 |
Zn | 3000 | 0.0004499 | 3000 |
Total | 1 |
HPI Values | HPI Classification |
---|---|
<15 | Low water pollution |
15 < HPI < 30 | Medium water pollution |
>30 | High water pollution |
MI Values | MI Classification |
---|---|
<0.3 | Very pure |
0.3 < MI < 1 | Pure |
1 < MI < 2 | Slightly affected |
2 < MI < 4 | Moderately affected |
4 < MI < 6 | Strongly affected |
>6 | Seriously affected |
Cd Values | Cd Classification |
---|---|
<1 | Low |
1 < Cd < 3 | Medium |
>3 | High |
ERI Values | ERI Classification |
---|---|
<150 | Low ecological risk |
150 < ERI < 300 | Moderate ecological risk |
300 < ERI < 600 | Considerable ecological risk |
>600 | Very high ecological risk |
PI Values | PI Classification |
---|---|
<1 | No effect |
1 < PI < 2 | Slightly affected |
2 < PI <3 | Moderately affected |
3 < PI <5 | Strongly affected |
>5 | Seriously affected |
Parameters | Unit | Minimum | Maximum | WHO (2017) | Mean | St. Dev. | CV | Skewness | Kurtosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As | (µg/L) | 0.13 | 11.02 | 10 | 3.01 | 2.93 | 0.97 | 1.57 | 1.61 |
Cd | 0.80 | 4.20 | 3 | 1.86 | 0.95 | 0.51 | 1.01 | 0.04 | |
Cr | 10.30 | 62.00 | 50 | 29.01 | 15.89 | 0.55 | 0.89 | −0.28 | |
Cu | 115.60 | 2289.60 | 2000 | 549.82 | 534.70 | 0.97 | 2.26 | 5.43 | |
Fe | 297.10 | 511.60 | 300 | 391.92 | 55.02 | 0.14 | 0.74 | −0.28 | |
Hg | 0.10 | 6.20 | 6 | 1.35 | 1.79 | 1.33 | 1.83 | 2.24 | |
Mn | 126.40 | 689.60 | 400 | 304.76 | 112.85 | 0.37 | 1.86 | 4.86 | |
Ni | 25.60 | 76.10 | 70 | 44.98 | 15.05 | 0.33 | 0.65 | −0.67 | |
Pb | 1.03 | 15.25 | 10 | 4.43 | 4.35 | 0.98 | 1.04 | −0.29 | |
Zn | 1057.50 | 4525.40 | 3000 | 1727.51 | 904.38 | 0.52 | 1.64 | 2.45 |
As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Fe | Hg | Mn | Ni | Pb | Zn | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As | 1 | |||||||||
Cd | −0.568 | 1 | ||||||||
Cr | −0.310 | 0.669 | 1 | |||||||
Cu | 0.532 | −0.588 | −0.451 | 1 | ||||||
Fe | −0.308 | 0.761 | 0.613 | 0.720 | 1 | |||||
Hg | 0.791 | −0.496 | 0.717 | 0.596 | −0.589 | 1 | ||||
Mn | 0.429 | −0.564 | −0.482 | 0.460 | 0.511 | 0.428 | 1 | |||
Ni | −0.585 | 0.895 | 0.701 | −0.532 | 0.709 | 0.578 | −0.446 | 1 | ||
Pb | −0.215 | 0.646 | 0.747 | −0.506 | 0.652 | 0.736 | −0.449 | 0.672 | 1 | |
Zn | 0.837 | −0.651 | −0.648 | 0.445 | 0.463 | 0.660 | 0.566 | 0.573 | −0.796 | 1 |
Parameters | Components | |
---|---|---|
PC1 | PC2 | |
As | 0.879 | −0.378 |
Cd | −0.361 | 0.840 |
Cr | −0.246 | 0.873 |
Cu | 0.705 | −0.386 |
Fe | −0.401 | 0.811 |
Hg | 0.814 | −0.230 |
Mn | 0.638 | −0.233 |
Ni | −0.272 | 0.826 |
Pb | −0.266 | 0.885 |
Zn | 0.848 | −0.358 |
Eigenvalue | 6.648 | 1.023 |
Variability (%) | 66.475 | 10.232 |
Cumulative (%) | 66.475 | 76.707 |
Samples | HPI Value | Class | MI Value | Class | Cd Value | Class | ERI Value | Class |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | 76.24 | High water pollution | 7.39 | Seriously affected | 6.95 | High | 52.48 | Low ecological risk |
P2 | 69.97 | High water pollution | 6.65 | Seriously affected | 6.21 | High | 49.18 | Low ecological risk |
P3 | 69.70 | High water pollution | 6.93 | Seriously affected | 6.49 | High | 48.84 | Low ecological risk |
P4 | 100.02 | High water pollution | 8.91 | Seriously affected | 8.47 | High | 67.09 | Low ecological risk |
P5 | 100.32 | High water pollution | 9.27 | Seriously affected | 8.83 | High | 66.89 | Low ecological risk |
P6 | 70.85 | High water pollution | 7.23 | Seriously affected | 6.79 | High | 48.95 | Low ecological risk |
P7 | 63.49 | High water pollution | 5.88 | Strongly affected | 5.44 | High | 44.67 | Low ecological risk |
P8 | 37.93 | High water pollution | 4.75 | Strongly affected | 4.31 | High | 26.37 | Low ecological risk |
P9 | 48.36 | High water pollution | 4.24 | Strongly affected | 3.80 | High | 34.61 | Low ecological risk |
P10 | 28.62 | Medium water pollution | 3.91 | Moderately affected | 3.47 | High | 22.69 | Low ecological risk |
P11 | 32.06 | High water pollution | 3.92 | Moderately affected | 3.48 | High | 25.31 | Low ecological risk |
P12 | 42.60 | High water pollution | 4.12 | Strongly affected | 3.68 | High | 32.51 | Low ecological risk |
P13 | 24.43 | Medium water pollution | 3.44 | Moderately affected | 3.00 | High | 19.93 | Low ecological risk |
P14 | 29.73 | Medium water pollution | 3.88 | Moderately affected | 3.44 | High | 23.08 | Low ecological risk |
P15 | 24.08 | Medium water pollution | 3.63 | Moderately affected | 3.19 | High | 18.79 | Low ecological risk |
P16 | 25.74 | Medium water pollution | 3.70 | Moderately affected | 3.26 | High | 19.85 | Low ecological risk |
P17 | 22.74 | Medium water pollution | 3.53 | Moderately affected | 3.09 | High | 18.31 | Low ecological risk |
P18 | 24.93 | Medium water pollution | 3.52 | Moderately affected | 3.08 | High | 19.32 | Low ecological risk |
P19 | 27.80 | Medium water pollution | 4.19 | Strongly affected | 3.74 | High | 21.53 | Low ecological risk |
P20 | 22.08 | Medium water pollution | 3.78 | Moderately affected | 3.34 | High | 17.69 | Low ecological risk |
P21 | 22.72 | Medium water pollution | 3.34 | Moderately affected | 2.90 | Medium | 17.30 | Low ecological risk |
P22 | 36.56 | High water pollution | 4.35 | Strongly affected | 3.91 | High | 26.61 | Low ecological risk |
P23 | 20.23 | Medium water pollution | 3.62 | Moderately affected | 3.18 | High | 16.91 | Low ecological risk |
P24 | 29.00 | Medium water pollution | 3.62 | Moderately affected | 3.18 | High | 23.68 | Low ecological risk |
P25 | 25.65 | Medium water pollution | 3.44 | Moderately affected | 3.00 | High | 20.09 | Low ecological risk |
P26 | 26.16 | Medium water pollution | 3.54 | Moderately affected | 3.10 | High | 20.82 | Low ecological risk |
P27 | 28.74 | Medium water pollution | 3.42 | Moderately affected | 2.98 | Medium | 23.48 | Low ecological risk |
P28 | 23.66 | Medium water pollution | 3.70 | Moderately affected | 3.26 | High | 19.79 | Low ecological risk |
P29 | 128.60 | High water pollution | 12.17 | Seriously affected | 1173 | High | 88.28 | Low ecological risk |
P30 | 117.74 | High water pollution | 11.11 | Seriously affected | 10.67 | High | 81.57 | Low ecological risk |
Parameters | As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Fe | Hg | Mn | Ni | Pb | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PI values | 0.58 | 0.83 | 0.69 | 0.61 | 1.22 | 0.53 | 1.14 | 0.58 | 0.94 | 0.93 |
Effect | No effect | No effect | No effect | No effect | Slightly affected | No effect | Slightly affected | No effect | No effect | No effect |
Parameters | HI | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adult | Children | Adult | Children | Adult | Children | Adult | Children | Adult | Children | |||
As | 0.3 | 0.123 | 0.0860 | 0.0963 | 0.0004 | 0.0006 | 0.2866 | 0.3210 | 0.0035 | 0.0045 | 0.2901 | 0.3255 |
Cd | 0.5 | 0.005 | 0.0531 | 0.0595 | 0.0003 | 0.0003 | 0.1063 | 0.1190 | 0.0536 | 0.0687 | 0.1599 | 0.1878 |
Cr | 3 | 0.015 | 0.8288 | 0.9282 | 0.0084 | 0.0107 | 0.2763 | 0.3094 | 0.5569 | 0.7147 | 0.8332 | 1.0241 |
Cu | 40 | 12 | 15.7092 | 17.5943 | 0.0792 | 0.1016 | 0.3927 | 0.4399 | 0.0066 | 0.0085 | 0.3993 | 0.4483 |
Fe | 300 | 45 | 11.1976 | 12.5413 | 0.0564 | 0.0724 | 0.0373 | 0.0418 | 0.0013 | 0.0016 | 0.0386 | 0.0434 |
Hg | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.0386 | 0.0432 | 0.0002 | 0.0002 | 0.1286 | 0.1440 | 0.0006 | 0.0008 | 0.1292 | 0.1448 |
Mn | 24 | 0.96 | 8.7073 | 9.7522 | 0.0439 | 0.0563 | 0.3628 | 0.4063 | 0.0457 | 0.0587 | 0.4085 | 0.4650 |
Ni | 20 | 0.8 | 1.2852 | 1.4394 | 0.0065 | 0.0083 | 0.0643 | 0.0720 | 0.0081 | 0.0104 | 0.0724 | 0.0824 |
Pb | 1.4 | 0.42 | 0.1266 | 0.1418 | 0.0006 | 0.0008 | 0.0905 | 0.1013 | 0.0015 | 0.0020 | 0.0920 | 0.1033 |
Zn | 300 | 60 | 49.3576 | 55.2805 | 0.2488 | 0.3192 | 0.1645 | 0.1843 | 0.0041 | 0.0053 | 0.1687 | 0.1896 |
Parameters | TCR | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adult | Children | Adult | Children | Adult | Children | |
As | ||||||
Cd | ||||||
Cr | ||||||
Ni | ||||||
Pb |
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Sanad, H.; Moussadek, R.; Dakak, H.; Zouahri, A.; Oueld Lhaj, M.; Mouhir, L. Ecological and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Groundwater within an Agricultural Ecosystem Using GIS and Multivariate Statistical Analysis (MSA): A Case Study of the Mnasra Region, Gharb Plain, Morocco. Water 2024, 16, 2417. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172417
Sanad H, Moussadek R, Dakak H, Zouahri A, Oueld Lhaj M, Mouhir L. Ecological and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Groundwater within an Agricultural Ecosystem Using GIS and Multivariate Statistical Analysis (MSA): A Case Study of the Mnasra Region, Gharb Plain, Morocco. Water. 2024; 16(17):2417. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172417
Chicago/Turabian StyleSanad, Hatim, Rachid Moussadek, Houria Dakak, Abdelmjid Zouahri, Majda Oueld Lhaj, and Latifa Mouhir. 2024. "Ecological and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Groundwater within an Agricultural Ecosystem Using GIS and Multivariate Statistical Analysis (MSA): A Case Study of the Mnasra Region, Gharb Plain, Morocco" Water 16, no. 17: 2417. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172417