Continuous Wavelet Transform Analysis of Climate Variability, Resiliency, and Restoration Strategies in Mesohaline Tidal Creeks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling Locations and Procedures
2.3. Statistical and Wavelet Analysis
- U1 and U2 are the U statistic values used for hypothesis testing;
- n1 and n2 are the sample numbers per group;
- R1 and R2 are the rank sums of each group.
- Ψβγ(ω) = mother wavelet function;
- U(ω) = Heaviside step function (unit step);
- αβ, γ = normalizing constant;
- γ = a constant that controls the symmetry of the wavelet. A γ = 3 is used for the Morse Wavelet;
- β = time-bandwidth product, which controls the shape of the wavelet.
- = the normalization constant;
- s = wavelet scale;
- n = inverse time scale/reversed time index;
- = constant time interval;
- = nondimensional wavelet coefficient;
- = the time series (where = integer time stamps (1, 2, 3 … N).
- = cross wavelet spectrum between the signals and ;
- = The complex conjugate of ;
- S = smoothing operator.
- = phase angle;
- and are the imaginary and real parts.
3. Results
3.1. Pre vs. Post Restoration Water Quality
3.2. Long-Term Trends of Dissolved Oxygen and Water Clarity in the Magothy and Severn Rivers
3.3. Wavelet Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Restoration Effectiveness and Resiliency
4.2. Climatological Effects
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Station | Location Description | Latitude | Longitude |
---|---|---|---|
WT 6.1 | Middle Section of Magothy River | 39.0751 | −76.475 |
WT 7.1 | Middle Section of Severn River | 39.0068 | −76.5046 |
WT 8.1 | Middle Section of South River | 38.9493 | −76.5464 |
WT 8.2 | Rhode River | 38.8834 | −76.533 |
MS 1 | Mouth of South River | 38.89568 | −76.4736 |
SLT | Saltworks Creek, Severn River | 39.0085 | −76.5319 |
BRO | Broad Creek, South River | 38.97287 | −76.5762 |
CHR | Church Creek, South River | 38.9639 | −76.5381 |
Site | Latitude | Longitude | Site Description | Year Completed |
---|---|---|---|---|
AHC | 38.972 | −76.537 | Annapolis Harbour Center, Church Creek | 2016 |
WIL | 38.966 | −76.539 | Wilelinor Drive, Church Creek | 2014 |
PBR | 38.96 | −76.572 | Preserve at Broad Creek | 2015 |
CW | 38.968 | −76.568 | Camp Woodland, Broad Creek | 2016 |
HOC | 38.976 | −76.563 | Heritage office complex | 2021 |
ACP2 | 38.98 | −76.565 | Annapolis Corporate Park 2 | 2016 |
BC2 | 38.98 | −76.563 | Broad Creek Headwaters 2 | 2019 |
BC1 | 38.98 | −76.561 | Broad Creek Headwaters 1 | 2018 |
ACP1 | 38.979 | −76.559 | Annapolis Corporate Park 1 | 2016 |
HPF | 38.966 | −76.544 | Homeport Farms | 2005 |
KH | 38.931 | −76.614 | Killarney House | 2018 |
HSG | 38.923 | −76.625 | Homestead Gardens | 2013 |
SD | 39.008 | −76.533 | Severn Drive | 2012 |
HHB | 38.048 | −76.568 | Herald Harbor Bonaparte | 2017 |
BHT | 39.051 | −76.574 | Buttonhead trail | 2016 |
ME | 39.054 | −76.638 | Millersville Elementary | 2012 |
CBP | 38.993 | −76.536 | Cabin branch pond | 2013 |
CC | 39.02 | −76.508 | Chase Creek | 2015 |
WIN | 39.018 | −76.51 | Winchester on Severn | 2018 |
CD | 39.018 | −76.509 | Circle Drive | 2020 |
MC | 38.8815 | −76.5436 | Rhode River | 2016 |
SV | 39.095 | −76.474 | Magothy River, Severn RD. | 2010 |
HP | 39.102 | −76.454 | Magothy River, Heilman Property | 2019 |
CSC2 | 39.05 | −76.448 | Magothy River, Cape St. Claire | 2020 |
MB | 39.073 | −76.522 | Magothy River, Manhattan Beach | 2012 |
CFCF | 39.036 | −76.440 | Magothy River, Cape St. Claire Fire Station | 2019 |
CSC1 | 39.040 | −76.438 | Magothy River, Cape St. Claire | 2019 |
WL | 39.031 | −76.432 | Magothy River, Woods Landing Outfall | 2019 |
DC | 39.031 | −76.438 | Magothy River, Delso Court Outfall | 2019 |
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Muller, A.C.; Muller, K.A.; Muller, D.L. Continuous Wavelet Transform Analysis of Climate Variability, Resiliency, and Restoration Strategies in Mesohaline Tidal Creeks. Water 2024, 16, 2433. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172433
Muller AC, Muller KA, Muller DL. Continuous Wavelet Transform Analysis of Climate Variability, Resiliency, and Restoration Strategies in Mesohaline Tidal Creeks. Water. 2024; 16(17):2433. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172433
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuller, Andrew C., Keaghan A. Muller, and Diana L. Muller. 2024. "Continuous Wavelet Transform Analysis of Climate Variability, Resiliency, and Restoration Strategies in Mesohaline Tidal Creeks" Water 16, no. 17: 2433. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172433