Scale Effects of Landscape Patterns on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollution in Yanshan River Basin, Guilin, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Water Sampling and Water Quality Analysis
2.3. Characterization of Landscape Patterns
2.3.1. Classification of Land Use in the YRB
2.3.2. Selection and Calculation of Landscape Indices
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollution of Water Bodies in the YRB
3.2. Landscape Types of Different Sub-Watersheds in the YRB
3.3. Landscape Indices in Sub-Watersheds of the YRB
3.4. Relationships between Water Quality and Landscape Patterns
3.4.1. Correlations between Water Quality and Landscape Composition Indices
3.4.2. Relationships between Water Quality and Landscape Configuration Indices
3.4.3. Contributions of Landscape Pattern Features to Water Quality in the YRB
4. Discussion
4.1. Influencing Factors of Seasonal Variations in Water Quality
4.2. Relationship between Landscape Composition and Water Quality Indicators
4.3. Relationship between Landscape Configuration Indices and Water Quality
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
YRB | Yanshan River Basin |
NPS | Non-point source |
W | Wet season |
D | Dry season |
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Grade | Comprehensive Pollution Index | Pollution Degree |
---|---|---|
1 | Pm ≤ 0.7 | Clean |
2 | 0.7 < Pm ≤ 1.0 | Generally clean |
3 | 1.0 < Pm ≤ 2.0 | Slightly polluted |
4 | 2.0 < Pm ≤ 3.0 | Moderately polluted |
5 | Pm > 3.0 | Strongly polluted |
Landscape Pattern Scale | Name | Description |
---|---|---|
Landscape composition indices | Water body | Water body area ratio |
Cultivated land | Cultivated land area ratio | |
Building | Building area ratio | |
Orchard | Orchard area ratio | |
Forest | Forest area ratio | |
Landscape configuration indices | PD | Number of patches per unit area (100 hm2) |
LPI | Percentage of the largest patch area of the total landscape area | |
PLAND | Patch-area to total-area ratio | |
ED | Direct reflection of the degree of landscape fragmentation | |
PAFRAC | Complexity of traits at different spatial scales | |
AI | Connectivity between patches of each landscape type |
Wet Seasons | |||||||||||
Sub-Watershed No. | Single-Factor Pollution Index | Comprehensive Pollution Index | Sub-Watershed No. | Single-Factor Pollution Index | Comprehensive Pollution Index | ||||||
TN | NH4+-N | TP | DO | TN | NH4+-N | TP | DO | ||||
1 | 4.38 | 0.74 | 0.62 | 0.73 | 3.30 | 10, 11, 12 | 2.39 | 0.27 | 0.19 | 0.79 | 1.81 |
2 | 3.93 | 0.29 | 0.21 | 0.72 | 2.92 | 13 | 2.77 | 0.30 | 0.19 | 0.67 | 2.08 |
4 | 2.83 | 0.30 | 0.27 | 0.79 | 2.13 | 14 | 3.05 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.93 | 2.29 |
5 | 2.75 | 0.28 | 0.22 | 0.88 | 2.08 | 15 | 3.52 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.76 | 2.62 |
6 | 1.82 | 0.23 | 0.20 | 1.26 | 1.43 | 17, 18 | 2.27 | 0.32 | 0.23 | 1.04 | 1.74 |
7 | 2.83 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.80 | 2.14 | 19 | 1.77 | 0.16 | 0.29 | 0.87 | 1.36 |
8 | 2.27 | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.92 | 1.73 | 20 | 2.08 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.96 | 1.58 |
9 | 3.31 | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.88 | 2.48 | 21 | 1.92 | 0.15 | 0.22 | 0.76 | 1.46 |
Dry Seasons | |||||||||||
1 | 6.13 | 0.60 | 1.89 | 0.60 | 4.64 | 10, 11, 12 | 2.65 | 0.35 | 0.17 | 0.58 | 1.99 |
2 | 3.71 | 0.16 | 0.26 | 0.55 | 2.75 | 13 | 2.78 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.59 | 2.07 |
4 | 4.03 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 0.55 | 2.97 | 14 | 3.87 | 0.18 | 0.12 | 0.64 | 2.86 |
5 | 2.20 | 0.31 | 0.13 | 0.66 | 1.66 | 15 | 1.59 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.58 | 1.22 |
6 | 2.41 | 0.21 | 0.14 | 0.85 | 1.82 | 17, 18 | 2.99 | 0.46 | 0.21 | 0.74 | 2.25 |
7 | 3.00 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.66 | 2.24 | 19 | 4.53 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.58 | 3.34 |
8 | 2.47 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.65 | 1.85 | 20 | 2.52 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.61 | 1.88 |
9 | 1.07 | 0.09 | 0.18 | 0.66 | 0.83 | 21 | 3.26 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.63 | 2.41 |
Seasons | Explained Variation (%) | Explanatory Variables (Contribution %) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Axis 1 | Axis 2 | Axis 3 | Axis 4 | ||
Dry seasons | 52.5 | 81.5 | 91.5 | 96.9 | LPI_building-land (30.8%), AI_building-land (23.2%), PD_building-land (8.9%), and dry field (4.4%) |
Wet seasons | 61.7 | 79.8 | 87.6 | 94.4 | LPI_building-land (34.3%), AI_building-land (23.8%), ED_forest (12.1%), ED_cultivated land (7.6%), and PLAND_arid (7%) |
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Fang, Z.; Fang, R.; Xu, B.; Xue, P.; Zou, C.; Huang, J.; Xu, Q.; Dai, J. Scale Effects of Landscape Patterns on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollution in Yanshan River Basin, Guilin, China. Water 2024, 16, 2472. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172472
Fang Z, Fang R, Xu B, Xue P, Zou C, Huang J, Xu Q, Dai J. Scale Effects of Landscape Patterns on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollution in Yanshan River Basin, Guilin, China. Water. 2024; 16(17):2472. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172472
Chicago/Turabian StyleFang, Zhongjie, Rongjie Fang, Baoli Xu, Pengwei Xue, Chuanlin Zou, Jianhua Huang, Qinxue Xu, and Junfeng Dai. 2024. "Scale Effects of Landscape Patterns on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollution in Yanshan River Basin, Guilin, China" Water 16, no. 17: 2472. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172472