Prediction of Ground Subsidence Induced by Groundwater Mining Using Three-Dimensional Variable-Parameter Fully Coupled Simulation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Biot’s Consolidation Theory
- (1)
- Non-linear relationship between the permeability coefficient and effective porosity
- (2)
- Nonlinearity of the deformation modulus and Poisson’s ratio
- (1)
- Initial conditions
- (2)
- Boundary conditions
2.2. Research on the Development of the Software Programme
3. Model Setup
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
- In this study, based on the free surface solution method and the incremental solution method for elasto-plastic problems, the Fortran 95 language was used to prepare the three-dimensional coupled numerical analysis programme FGS-3D for groundwater mining and ground settlement. In order for the software to be more operable and to provide a better representation of the calculation results, the Groundwater System Model (GSM) was developed using the Microsoft VisualBasic 6.0 language under the Microsoft Windows 11 operating system environment.
- On the basis of fully investigating and analysing the hydrogeological and engineering geological conditions of Yancheng City, as well as the soil mechanical properties of the Quaternary strata and the distribution characteristics of the loads of high-rise buildings on the ground, a three-dimensional fully coupled finite-element numerical model of the loads of buildings, groundwater seepage, and deformation of the soil in Yancheng City was established. After identification of the model, the simulation predicted the year-by-year trends of soil compression deformation and horizontal deformation from January 2021 to December 2030 in terms of the superimposed effects of high-rise building loads on the ground and groundwater extraction.
- Under the action of construction loads and the current groundwater exploitation, the water level of the group III pressurised aquifer in Yancheng City rose by 1.26 m on average in 10 years. In the main groundwater extraction area of the group III pressurised aquifer, two smaller landfall funnels are formed, and the lowest water level of these two landfall funnels is −15 m. The 10-year cumulative maximum ground rebound was 81.5 mm, with a ground rebound rate of 8.15 mm/a. There are three typical ground rebound funnels in Yancheng City, including the large-scale rebound funnel centred on Dagang and Bicang towns, the subscale rebound funnel centred on Louwang and Xuefu towns, and the very small rebound funnel in the city centre.
- Under the action of construction loads and current groundwater exploitation, the maximum compression of submersible aquifer in Yancheng City from 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2030 is located in the west part of the city; the maximum compression of the weakly permeable layer of the group I clayey soil is also located in the west part of the city; the maximum rebound of the group I compressible aquifer is located in the east part of Dagang Town; the maximum rebound of the weakly permeable layer of the group II clayey soil is located in Beilonggang; the maximum rebound of the group II compressible aquifer is located in Bencang Town and Dagang Town; the maximum rebound of the group III clayey soil is located in Xinxing Town. The maximum resilience of the group II clayey soil weakly permeable layer is located in Beilonggang; the maximum resilience of the group II compressible aquifer is located in Bicang Town and Dagon Town; the maximum resilience of the group III clayey soil weakly permeable layer is located in the north part of the city and Longgang Town; the maximum resilience of the group III compressible aquifer is located in Xinxing Town.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Aquifer | Age | Rock Stratum | Aquifer | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thicknesses (m) | Top Plate Burial Depth (m) | Substrate Burial Depth(m) | |||
Submerged and slightly pressurised aquifer groups | Holocene | Silt tip group | 5~40 | / | 20~40 |
Group I pressurised aquifer | Late Pleistocene | Gunnan Group | 5~20 | 20~45 | 45~70 |
Group II pressurised aquifer | Middle Pleistocene | Xiaoxiangzhuang Group | 20~50 | 50~100 | 130~170 |
Group III pressurised aquifer | Early Pleistocene | Five Teams Township Group | 10~60 | 150~180 | 190~270 |
Partitions | Coefficient of Permeability in the Direction of the Main Axis (m·d−1) | Deformation Modulus (MPa) | Poisson’s Ratio | Cohesion (KPa) | Friction Angle (°) | Expansion Angle (°) | Severity (KN·m−3) | Effective Porosity | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kxx | Kyy | Kzz | E | ν | c | φ | ψ | Γ | n | |
44 | 13 | 13 | 1.3 | 45 | 0.39 | 5.8 | 34.8 | 0 | 20.18 | 0.435 |
45 | 12 | 12 | 1.2 | 46 | 0.41 | 6.2 | 34.2 | 0 | 20.54 | 0.432 |
46 | 18 | 18 | 1.8 | 50 | 0.4 | 6 | 33.7 | 0 | 21.62 | 0.426 |
47 | 20 | 20 | 2 | 48 | 0.38 | 5.9 | 33.4 | 0 | 20.35 | 0.42 |
48 | 16 | 16 | 1.6 | 46 | 0.36 | 6.5 | 32.8 | 0 | 21.24 | 0.433 |
49 | 12 | 12 | 1.2 | 53 | 0.39 | 6.4 | 32.5 | 0 | 21.33 | 0.428 |
50 | 14 | 14 | 1.4 | 48 | 0.37 | 6.1 | 33.4 | 0 | 21.17 | 0.419 |
51 | 9 | 9 | 0.9 | 49 | 0.41 | 5.8 | 35.5 | 0 | 20.93 | 0.413 |
52 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 0.85 | 51 | 0.43 | 5.7 | 36.1 | 0 | 20.54 | 0.417 |
53 | 3 | 3 | 0.3 | 47 | 0.45 | 5.3 | 37 | 0 | 20.36 | 0.437 |
54 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 0.45 | 45 | 0.46 | 5 | 37.5 | 0 | 20.22 | 0.422 |
Vintages | Inflow (m3·d−1) | Outflow (m3·d−1) |
---|---|---|
2016 | 112,971.3 | 107,914.38 |
2017 | 123,832.22 | 117,363.11 |
2018 | 114,567.35 | 90,794.41 |
2019 | 109,878.81 | 88,460.83 |
2020 | 91,473.88 | 70,632.2 |
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Du, J.; Zhang, Y.; Luo, Z.; Zhang, C. Prediction of Ground Subsidence Induced by Groundwater Mining Using Three-Dimensional Variable-Parameter Fully Coupled Simulation. Water 2024, 16, 2487. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172487
Du J, Zhang Y, Luo Z, Zhang C. Prediction of Ground Subsidence Induced by Groundwater Mining Using Three-Dimensional Variable-Parameter Fully Coupled Simulation. Water. 2024; 16(17):2487. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172487
Chicago/Turabian StyleDu, Jingjing, Yan Zhang, Zujiang Luo, and Chenghang Zhang. 2024. "Prediction of Ground Subsidence Induced by Groundwater Mining Using Three-Dimensional Variable-Parameter Fully Coupled Simulation" Water 16, no. 17: 2487. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172487