A Harmony-Based Approach for the Evaluation and Regulation of Water Security in the Yellow River Water-Receiving Area of Henan Province
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Methodology
3.1. Evaluation Index System
3.2. Calculation of Evaluation Index Data
3.3. Single Index Quantification–Multiple Indices Syntheses–Poly-Criteria Integration Method (SMI-P)
3.3.1. Single Index Quantification
3.3.2. Weighted Calculation of Multiple Indicators
3.3.3. Multi-Criteria Integrated Calculation
3.4. Obstacle Degree Model
3.5. Water Security Regulation
4. Result
4.1. Spatiotemporal Variation in Water Security in the YRWAR-HN
4.1.1. Spatial Pattern
4.1.2. Temporal Variation
4.2. Diagnosis of Water Security Obstacle Factors in the YRWAR-HN
4.3. Water Security Regulation in the YRWAR-HN
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
City | Scheme 1 | Scheme 2 | Scheme 3 | Scheme 4 | Scheme 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhengzhou | All indicators adjusted by 1 times the growth rate from 2010–2021 | X1, X2 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X5, X6, X7 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X11, X13, X15 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X1, X2, X5, X6, X7, X11, X13, X15 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates |
Kaifeng | All indicators adjusted by 1 times the growth rate from 2010–2021 | X1, X2 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X5, X7, X9 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X13, X14, X15 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X1, X2, X5, X7, X9, X13, X14, X15 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates |
Luoyang | All indicators adjusted by 1 times the growth rate from 2010–2021 | X1, X3 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X5, X7, X10 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X12, X13, X15 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X1, X3, X5, X7, X10, X12, X13, X15 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates |
Xinxiang | All indicators adjusted by 1 times the growth rate from 2010–2021 | X1, X2 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X5, X7, X9 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X12, X13, X15 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X1, X2, X5, X7, X9, X12, X13, X15 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates |
Jiaozuo | All indicators adjusted by 1 times the growth rate from 2010–2021 | X1, X2 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X5, X7, X8 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X12, X13, X15 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X1, X2, X5, X7, X8, X12, X13, X15 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates |
Sanmenxia | All indicators adjusted by 1 times the growth rate from 2010–2021 | X1, X2 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X5, X9, X10 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X12, X14, X15 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X1, X2, X5, X9, X10, X12, X14, X15 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates |
Puyang | All indicators adjusted by 1 times the growth rate from 2010–2021 | X1, X4 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X5, X9, X10 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X13, X14, X15 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X1, X4, X5, X9, X10, X13, X14, X15 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates |
Jiyuan | All indicators adjusted by 1 times the growth rate from 2010–2021 | X3, X4 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X5, X8, X9 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X11, X12, X13 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X3, X4, X5, X8, X9, X11, X12, X13 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates |
Anyang | All indicators adjusted by 1 times the growth rate from 2010–2021 | X1, X4 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X7, X8, X9 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X11, X13, X15 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X1, X4, X7, X8, X9, X11, X13, X15 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates |
Hebi | All indicators adjusted by 1 times the growth rate from 2010–2021 | X1, X4 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X7, X8, X9 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X13, X14, X15 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X1, X4, X7, X8, X9, X13, X14, X15 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates |
Pingdingshan | All indicators adjusted by 1 times the growth rate from 2010–2021 | X1, X3 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X7, X9, X10 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X12, X13, X15 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X1, X3, X7, X9, X10, X12, X13, X15 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates |
Xuchang | All indicators adjusted by 1 times the growth rate from 2010–2021 | X1, X4 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X5, X7, X9 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X12, X14, X15 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X1, X4, X5, X7, X9, X12, X14, X15 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates |
Shangqiu | All indicators adjusted by 1 times the growth rate from 2010–2021 | X1, X4 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X5, X7, X9 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X13, X14, X15 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X1, X4, X5, X7, X9, X13, X14, X15 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates |
Zhoukou | All indicators adjusted by 1 times the growth rate from 2010–2021 | X1, X4 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X5, X7, X9 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X12, X14, X15 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates | X1, X4, X5, X7, X9, X12, X14, X15 adjusted by 1.1 times the growth rate, with the remaining indicators maintaining their original growth rates |
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Objective Layer | Dimension Layer | Content Layer | Indicator Layer | Index Number | Unit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
water security evaluation in the YRWAR-HN | flood and drought disaster defense | flood disaster defense capability | river network density | X1 | km−1 |
drainage pipeline density in built-up areas | X2 | km−1 | |||
drought defense capability | number of electromechanical wells per unit area of cultivated land | X3 | number/103 hm2 | ||
emergency disaster response capability | hospital beds per capita | X4 | number/104 capita | ||
water supply and demand | regional characteristics of water resources | per capita water resources | X5 | m3/capita | |
development and utilization of water resources | utilization rate of surface water resources | X6 | % | ||
exploitation rate of groundwater resources | X7 | % | |||
water use efficiency | per capita comprehensive water consumption | X8 | m3/capita | ||
water consumption per 104 CNY GDP | X9 | t/104 CNY | |||
water consumption per 104 CNY of industrial value added | X10 | t/104 CNY | |||
water environment pollution | pressure | per capita COD emissions | X11 | t/capita | |
per capita SO2 emissions | X12 | t/capita | |||
fertilizer application per unit of sown area | X13 | t/103 hm2 | |||
response | urban sewage treatment rate | X14 | % | ||
the proportion of investment in water conservancy and environmental protection in the total investment | X15 | % |
Index Number | Worst Value | Worse Value | Medium Value | Better Value | Optimal Value | Indicator Weights | Indicator Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X1 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.31 | ↑ |
X2 | 3.47 | 6.78 | 8.00 | 9.00 | 18.70 | 0.22 | ↑ |
X3 | 19.35 | 145.96 | 200.46 | 246.36 | 933.03 | 0.23 | ↑ |
X4 | 23.10 | 42.94 | 51.78 | 63.08 | 147.57 | 0.24 | ↑ |
X5 | 57.78 | 168.60 | 212.37 | 295.66 | 1304.09 | 0.22 | ↑ |
X6 | 0.65 | 0.55 | 0.40 | 0.25 | 0.10 | 0.12 | ↓ |
X7 | 0.90 | 0.70 | 0.55 | 0.40 | 0.20 | 0.19 | ↓ |
X8 | 628.46 | 466.88 | 305.30 | 231.99 | 158.69 | 0.16 | ↓ |
X9 | 80.00 | 65.00 | 50.00 | 30.00 | 15.00 | 0.17 | ↓ |
X10 | 70.00 | 55.00 | 40.00 | 25.00 | 10.00 | 0.15 | ↓ |
X11 | 0.0402 | 0.0142 | 0.0096 | 0.0031 | 0.0001 | 0.15 | ↓ |
X12 | 0.0899 | 0.0175 | 0.0062 | 0.0026 | 0.0001 | 0.18 | ↓ |
X13 | 619.90 | 607.40 | 584.10 | 564.40 | 481.20 | 0.23 | ↓ |
X14 | 60.00 | 70.00 | 85.00 | 90.00 | 100.00 | 0.18 | ↑ |
X15 | 4.00 | 7.00 | 12.00 | 17.00 | 22.00 | 0.26 | ↑ |
Serial Number | Water Security Level | Range of Wsd Values |
---|---|---|
1 | Safe | 0.83 < WSD ≤ 1.00 |
2 | Relatively Safe | 0.67 < WSD ≤ 0.83 |
3 | Basically Safe | 0.50 < WSD ≤ 0.67 |
4 | Relatively Unsafe | 0.33 < WSD ≤ 0.50 |
5 | Unsafe | 0.17 < WSD ≤ 0.33 |
6 | Severely Unsafe | 0.00 < WSD ≤ 0.17 |
Scheme 1 | Scheme 2 | Scheme 3 | Scheme 4 | Scheme 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Path 1 | 0.8901 | 0.8923 | 0.8939 | 0.8909 | 0.8970 |
Path 2 | 0.8901 | 0.8945 | 0.8967 | 0.8915 | 0.9026 |
Path 3 | 0.8901 | 0.8965 | 0.8984 | 0.8922 | 0.9069 |
Path 4 | 0.8901 | 0.8980 | 0.8998 | 0.8927 | 0.9103 |
Path 5 | 0.8901 | 0.8993 | 0.9009 | 0.8931 | 0.9132 |
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Zhang, Z.; Wang, W.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, H.; Yang, L.; Lv, X.; Xi, X. A Harmony-Based Approach for the Evaluation and Regulation of Water Security in the Yellow River Water-Receiving Area of Henan Province. Water 2024, 16, 2497. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172497
Zhang Z, Wang W, Zhang X, Zhang H, Yang L, Lv X, Xi X. A Harmony-Based Approach for the Evaluation and Regulation of Water Security in the Yellow River Water-Receiving Area of Henan Province. Water. 2024; 16(17):2497. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172497
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Zhiqiang, Weiwei Wang, Xiuyu Zhang, Hui Zhang, Li Yang, Xizhi Lv, and Xu Xi. 2024. "A Harmony-Based Approach for the Evaluation and Regulation of Water Security in the Yellow River Water-Receiving Area of Henan Province" Water 16, no. 17: 2497. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172497