Copper and Temperature Interaction Induced Gill and Liver Lesions and Behaviour Alterations in Mozambique Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Test Organisms
2.2. Exposure Conditions
2.3. Histological Slide Preparation
2.4. Gills’ Lesions Scoring
2.5. Liver Histopathology Scoring
2.6. Condition Factor and Hepatosomatic Index
2.7. Behavioural Analysis
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Gill Histopathology
3.2. Hepatosomatic Index and Condition Factor
3.3. Liver Histopathology
3.4. Behavioural Observations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CuSO4 Nominal Exposure Concentrations (mg/L) | Measured Cu Concentrations in Water (mg/L ± SD) |
---|---|
0 | 0.006 ± 0.002 |
1.1 | 1.768 ± 0.242 |
3.6 | 4.786 ± 0.604 |
Time (days) | 14 | 28 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concentration (mg/L) | 0 | 1.1 | 3.6 | 0 | 1.1 | 3.6 | p-Value | ||||||
Temperature ( °C) | 25 | 32 | 25 | 32 | 25 | 32 | 25 | 32 | 25 | 32 | 25 | 32 | |
Aneurysms | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.02 ± 0.04 a | 0.60 ± 0.49 b | 0.16 ± 0.34 a | 0.02 ± 0.03 a | 0.01 ± 0.02 a | 0.25 ± 0.10 ab | 0.11 ± 0.09 a | 0.59 ± 0.12 b | 0.20 ± 0.06 a | <0.0001 |
Vasodilatation | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.10 | 0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.03 ± 0.06 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.06 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.05 | 0.05 ± 0.07 | 0.09 ± 0.21 | 0.7360 |
Lamellar epithelium lifting | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.12 | 0.4064 |
Filament epithelium proliferation | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.04 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.08 ± 0.17 | 0.3962 |
Lamellar fusion | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.05 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.2444 |
Oedema | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.04 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.07 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.5632 |
Bending of gill lamellae | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.03 ± 0.05 ab | 0.10 ± 0.11 ab | 0.17 ± 0.11 ab | 0.08 ± 0.06 ab | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.02 ± 0.02 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.10 ± 0.11 ab | 0.19 ± 0.09 ab | 0.10 ± 0.07 ab | 0.24 ± 0.03 b | <0.0001 |
Time (days) | 14 | 28 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concentration (mg/L) | 0 | 1.1 | 3.6 | 0 | 1.1 | 3.6 | p-Value | ||||||
Temperature (°C) | 25 | 32 | 25 | 32 | 25 | 32 | 25 | 32 | 25 | 32 | 25 | 32 | |
Macrophage aggregates | 1.17 ± 0.89 | 1.08 ± 0.42 | 1.12 ± 0.15 | 1.20 ± 0.55 | 0.76 ± 0.30 | 0.85 ± 0.78 | 1.56 ± 0.63 | 1.24 ± 0.61 | 1.08 ± 0.28 | 0.74 ± 0.44 | 0.76 ± 0.31 | 0.92 ± 0.39 | 0.7545 |
Vacuolization | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.76 ± 0.88 ab | 2.20 ± 1.73 b | 0.46 ± 0.68 ab | 0.88 ± 1.24 ab | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.40 ± 0.65 ab | 0.08 ± 0.10 a | 0.88 ± 1.36 ab | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.78 ± 0.87 ab | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.0124 |
Hyalinization | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 1.04 ± 0.29 acd | 2.24 ± 0.83 cde | 1.32 ± 1.64 acd | 4.00 ± 0.60 be | 0.64 ± 0.43 ac | 0.60 ± 0.71 ac | 1.38 ± 1.17 acd | 4.42 ± 0.62b | 2.42 ± 1.03 de | 4.62 ± 0.58 b | <0.0001 |
Granulomas | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.3754 |
Necrosis | 0.14 ± 0.12 | 0.60 ± 0.52 | 0.40 ± 0.19 | 0.24 ± 0.19 | 0.34 ± 0.09 | 0.14 ± 0.17 | 0.26 ± 0.17 | 0.24 ± 0.29 | 0.18 ± 0.08 | 0.16 ± 0.25 | 0.28 ± 0.15 | 0.18 ± 0.19 | 0.5350 |
Temperature | Concentration | Period of Observation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
P0 | P1 | P2 | ||
25 °C | 0 mg/L | Normal | Normal | Normal |
25 °C | 1.1 mg/L | Normal | FI | SB |
25 °C | 3.6 mg/L | HC | FI | SB |
32 °C | 0 mg/L | Normal | Normal | FI |
32 °C | 1.1 mg/L | Normal | FI | GS |
32 °C | 3.6 mg/L | Normal | GS | GS |
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Ribeiro, O.; Pinto, M.Q.; Tavares, D.; Ferreira-Cardoso, J.V.; Correia, A.T.; Carrola, J.S. Copper and Temperature Interaction Induced Gill and Liver Lesions and Behaviour Alterations in Mozambique Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Water 2024, 16, 2499. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172499
Ribeiro O, Pinto MQ, Tavares D, Ferreira-Cardoso JV, Correia AT, Carrola JS. Copper and Temperature Interaction Induced Gill and Liver Lesions and Behaviour Alterations in Mozambique Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Water. 2024; 16(17):2499. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172499
Chicago/Turabian StyleRibeiro, Ondina, Mónica Quelhas Pinto, Diana Tavares, Jorge Ventura Ferreira-Cardoso, Alberto Teodorico Correia, and João Soares Carrola. 2024. "Copper and Temperature Interaction Induced Gill and Liver Lesions and Behaviour Alterations in Mozambique Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)" Water 16, no. 17: 2499. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172499