Water Storage–Discharge Relationship with Water Quality Parameters of Carhuacocha and Vichecocha Lagoons in the Peruvian Puna Highlands
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Water Extension
2.3. Sampling and Analytical Procedure
2.4. Data Analysis
Water Quality Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Spatial Variability of Water Parameters Content
3.2. Correlation Analysis
3.3. Water Quality
3.4. Analysis of Main Components
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Used Instrumentation and Methods/Solutions | Accuracy (Sensitivity) | Range Test |
pH | HANNA ® HI98129 | ±0.05 | 0–14 |
Conductivity (EC, µS/cm) | ±1 | 0–3999 | |
Temperature (T, °C) | ±0.5 | 0.0–60.0 | |
Dissolved oxygen (DO, mg/L) | HANNA ® HI9146−10, | ±0.06 | 0.00–45.00 |
Chemical oxygen demand (COD, mg/L) | Chemical Oxygen Demand, Closed Reflux Colorimetric Method SMEWW−APHA−AWWA–WEF Part 5220 D. 23 rd. 2017. | ±0.4 | 0–2 |
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5, mg/L) | Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). 5−Day BOD Test SMEWW−APHA−AWWA–WEF Part 5210B. 24th Ed. 2022. | ±2 | 0–5 |
Thermotolerant coliforms (TC, NMP/100 mL) | Multiple-Tube defermentation Technique for Members of the Coliform Group. E. coli Procedure Using Fluorogenic Substrate. Simultaneous Determination of Thermotolerant Coliforms and E. coli. | ±1.8 | −− |
Chloride (Cl−, mg/L) | Determination of inorganic anions by ion chromatography Environmental Protection Agency. Methods for Chemicals Analysis (EPA) | ||
Nitrate (NO3−, mg/L) | ±0.02 | 0.02–0.300 | |
Sulfate (SO42−, mg/L) | ±0.2 | 2–70 | |
Phosphorus (P, mg/L) | Ascorbic Acid Method SMEWW−APHA−AWWA–WEF Part 4500–P B (Item 5) y E, 24th Ed. 2023. | ±0.002 | |
Aluminum (Al, mg/L) | Determination of trace Elements in Water and Waste Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass spectrometry. Method 200.8 Revision 5.4 1994 | ±0.001 | |
Bario (Ba, mg/L) | ±0.00008 | ||
Boron (B, mg/L) | ±0.0003 | ||
Calcium (Ca, mg/L) | ±0.001 | ||
Copper (Cu, mg/L) | ±0.0001 | ||
Strontium (Sr, mg/L) | ±0.00002 | ||
Iron (Fe, mg/L) | ±0.001 | ||
Lithium (Li, mg/L) | ±0.00003 | ||
Magnesium (Mg, mg/L) | ±0.0006 | ||
Manganese (Mn, mg/L) | ±0.00002 | ||
Potassium (K, mg/L) | ±0.003 | ||
Silica (SiO2, mg/L) | ±0.001 | ||
Silicon (Si, mg/L) | ±0.0002 | ||
Sodium (Na, mg/L) | ±0.0003 | ||
Vanadium (V, mg/L) | ±0.0001 |
Parameter | Carhuacocha | Vichecocha | EQS Water—Conservation of the Aquatic Environment | ||||||
Storage | Discharge | Storage | Discharge | ||||||
Upper | Low | Upper | Low | Upper | Low | Upper | Low | ||
pH | 8.3500 ± 0.3836 a | 8.5225 ± 0.2405 a | 8.1250 ± 0.0954 b | 8.1900 ± 0.1227 ab | 8.6575 ± 0.2061 a | 9.0925 ± 0.2965 a | 8.7075 ± 0.3917 a | 8.6825 ± 0.5789 a | 6.5–9.0 |
Temperature (°C) | 11.8500 ± 2.1825 a | 13.5250 ± 2.4446 a | 13.9250 ± 1.8998 a | 14.0250 ± 0.7500 a | 11.6250 ± 1.5218 a | 12.5000 ± 0.5354 b | 12.3250 ± 0.6850 b | 10.5000 ± 0.4967 ab | ∆ 3 |
DO (mg/L) | 7.6775 ± 0.1420 a | 7.9125 ± 0.3836 a | 2.2525 ± 0.1335 b | 2.2225 ± 0.4665 b | 7.7075 ± 0.2317 a | 8.1050 ± 0.3743 a | 1.6400 ± 0.3222 b | 1.4700 ± 0.2082 b | ≥5 |
EC (µS/cm) | 195.2900 ± 78.5408 a | 249.0000 ± 3.1623 a | 235.0000 ± 36.3043 a | 236.5000 ± 8.3865 a | 113.7500 ± 3.5940 a | 118.0000 ± 10.9545 a | 102.0000 ± 9.3452 b | 106.7500 ± 1.8930 b | 1000 |
BOD (mg/L) | 4.9900 ± 0.0000 a | 4.9900 ± 0.0000 a | 4.9900 ± 0.0000 a | 4.9900 ± 0.0000 a | 4.9900 ± 0.0000 a | 4.9900 ± 0.0000 b | 5.6950 ± 1.1530 a | 4.9900 ± 0.0000 a | 5 |
COD (mg/L) | 1.9900 ± 0.0000 a | 1.9900 ± 0.0000 a | 1.9900 ± 0.0000 a | 1.9900 ± 0.0000 a | 1.9900 ± 0.0000 a | 1.9900 ± 0.0000 a | 2.2675 ± 0.5550 a | 1.9900 ± 0.0000 a | 40 |
TC(NMP/100 mL) | 2.4750 ± 1.3500 ab | 1.7900 ± 0.0000 ab | 2.4675 ± 1.3550 a | 2.4675 ± 1.3550 b | 1.7900 ± 0.0000 a | 1.7900 ± 0.0000 b | 8.2750 ± 3.5132 a | 2.4675 ± 1.3550 a | 1000 |
P (mg/L) | 0.0059 ± 0.0000 a | 0.0059 ± 0.0000 a | 0.0059 ± 0.0000 ab | 0.0059 ± 0.0000 b | 0.0059 ± 0.0000 a | 0.0059 ± 0.0000 b | 0.0220 ± 0.0109 a | 0.0079 ± 0.0040 a | 0.035 |
Cl− (mg/L) | 0.3232 ± 0.4445 a | 0.1045 ± 0.0013 a | 0.9900 ± 0.0000 b | 0.9900 ± 0.0000 b | 0.1085 ± 0.0013 a | 0.1125 ± 0.0013 a | 0.9900 ± 0.0000 b | 0.9900 ± 0.0000 b | −− |
NO3− (mg/L) | 0.1870 ± 0.1680 a | 0.1292 ± 0.1605 ab | 0.4175 ± 0.3931 b | 0.5600 ± 0.4968 ab | 0.1648 ± 0.0773 ab | 0.1320 ± 0.1000 a | 0.4250 ± 0.3779 b | 0.4125 ± 0.3958 b | 13 |
SO42− (mg/L) | 44.9525 ± 19.3041 a | 57.1100 ± 0.6914 ab | 56.4250 ± 13.8454 b | 54.8250 ± 0.6602 a | 19.0875 ± 0.2617 ab | 19.3650 ± 0.2525 a | 16.6500 ± 2.1810 c | 18.7000 ± 0.2000 bc | −− |
SiO2 (mg/L) | 3.1677 ± 0.6338 a | 3.6868 ± 0.0823 a | 4.8045 ± 0.8920 b | 4.1830 ± 0.1450 b | 4.9533 ± 0.3605 a | 4.4910 ± 0.2667 b | 5.3595 ± 1.1776 ab | 4.1242 ± 0.5154 b | −− |
Al (mg/L) | 0.0029 ± 0.0000 a | 0.0029 ± 0.0000 a | 0.0932 ± 0.0455 b | 0.0257 ± 0.0180 b | 0.0442 ± 0.0655 a | 0.0680 ± 0.0232 b | 0.1735 ± 0.2116 b | 0.0150 ± 0.0109 ab | −− |
Ba (mg/L) | 0.0089 ± 0.0040 a | 0.0132 ± 0.0019 ab | 0.0128 ± 0.0039 ab | 0.0138 ± 0.0023 b | 0.0056 ± 0.0021 a | 0.0039 ± 0.0004 ab | 0.0058 ± 0.0057 b | 0.0019 ± 0.0012 b | 0.7 |
B (mg/L) | 0.0009 ± 0.0000 a | 0.0009 ± 0.0000 a | 0.0174 ± 0.0013 b | 0.0168 ± 0.0004 b | 0.0091 ± 0.0113 a | 0.0009 ± 0.0000 a | 0.0126 ± 0.0023 b | 0.0144 ± 0.0011 ab | −− |
Ca (mg/L) | 0.0090 ± 0.0000 a | 0.0090 ± 0.0000 ab | 0.0002 ± 0.0000 bc | 0.0002 ± 0.0000 c | 0.0090 ± 0.0000 a | 0.0090 ± 0.0000 ab | 0.0002 ± 0.0000 b | 0.0002 ± 0.0000 b | −− |
Cu (mg/L) | 0.0002 ± 0.0000 a | 0.0002 ± 0.0000 a | 0.0007 ± 0.0002 b | 0.0008 ± 0.0001 b | 0.0002 ± 0.0000 ab | 0.0085 ± 0.0055 a | 0.0057 ± 0.0008 a | 0.0025 ± 0.0025 b | 0.1 |
Sr (mg/L) | 0.1846 ± 0.0821 a | 0.2434 ± 0.0044 a | 0.2809 ± 0.0646 ab | 0.2629 ± 0.0094 b | 0.0790 ± 0.0031 a | 0.0765 ± 0.0012 b | 0.0695 ± 0.0111 b | 0.0827 ± 0.0056 ab | −− |
Fe (mg/L) | 0.0360 ± 0.0094 a | 0.0437 ± 0.0250 ab | 0.0720 ± 0.0488 b | 0.0988 ± 0.0153 b | 0.0510 ± 0.0442 a | 0.0302 ± 0.0075 b | 0.1143 ± 0.1330 b | 0.0055 ± 0.0006 b | 5 |
Li (mg/L) | 0.0001 ± 0.0000 a | 0.0001 ± 0.0000 ab | 0.0001 ± 0.0000 b | 0.0001 ± 0.0000 b | 0.0001 ± 0.0000 a | 0.0001 ± 0.0000 a | 0.0023 ± 0.0027 b | 0.0014 ± 0.0003 b | −− |
Mg (mg/L) | 2.3093 ± 0.8920 ab | 2.9712 ± 0.0830 a | 3.5375 ± 0.3057 bc | 3.2715 ± 0.1133 c | 0.8914 ± 0.0328 a | 0.9264 ± 0.0448 a | 0.8728 ± 0.0796 a | 0.9498 ± 0.1216 a | −− |
Mn (mg/L) | 0.0059 ± 0.0021 a | 0.0090 ± 0.0022 a | 0.0086 ± 0.0048 a | 0.0057 ± 0.0023 a | 0.0251 ± 0.0269 a | 0.0127 ± 0.0087 b | 0.0091 ± 0.0066 b | 0.0014 ± 0.0015 b | −− |
K (mg/L) | 0.7888 ± 0.0763 a | 0.7480 ± 0.0157 b | 0.8875 ± 0.0561 a | 0.7685 ± 0.0471 a | 0.1752 ± 0.0439 a | 0.1942 ± 0.0688 b | 0.1305 ± 0.0515 ab | 0.2115 ± 0.0583 ab | −− |
Si (mg/L) | 1.4782 ± 0.2958 a | 1.7203 ± 0.0385 a | 2.2422 ± 0.4163 b | 1.9520 ± 0.0677 b | 2.3116 ± 0.1682 a | 2.0958 ± 0.1244 b | 2.5010 ± 0.5495 ab | 1.9246 ± 0.2407 b | −− |
Na (mg/L) | 1.1654 ± 0.3604 a | 1.4573 ± 0.0237 a | 1.5747 ± 0.3018 ab | 1.5274 ± 0.0297 b | 1.8290 ± 0.0181 a | 1.8021 ± 0.0833 b | 1.9106 ± 0.2413 b | 2.9350 ± 1.2264 b | −− |
V (mg/L) | 0.0003 ± 0.0000 a | 0.0003 ± 0.0000 a | 0.0003 ± 0.0000 ab | 0.0003 ± 0.0000 b | 0.0003 ± 0.0000 a | 0.0003 ± 0.0000 b | 0.0017 ± 0.0008 a | 0.0008 ± 0.0006 a | −− |
Event | Lagoon | Sampling Site | F1 | F2 | F3 | CCME WQI | WQI according to Color |
Storage | Carhuacocha | 1 | − | − | − | 100.00 | Excellent |
2 | − | − | − | 100.00 | Excellent | ||
3 | − | − | − | 100.00 | Excellent | ||
4 | − | − | − | 100.00 | Excellent | ||
5 | − | − | − | 100.00 | Excellent | ||
6 | − | − | − | 100.00 | Excellent | ||
7 | − | − | − | 100.00 | Excellent | ||
8 | − | − | − | 100.00 | Excellent | ||
Vichecocha | 1 | − | − | − | 100.00 | Excellent | |
2 | − | − | − | 100.00 | Excellent | ||
3 | − | − | − | 100.00 | Excellent | ||
4 | − | − | − | 100.00 | Excellent | ||
5 | − | − | − | 100.00 | Excellent | ||
6 | − | − | − | 100.00 | Excellent | ||
7 | 9.09 | 9.09 | 0.23 | 93.00 | Good | ||
8 | 9.09 | 9.09 | 0.43 | 93.00 | Good | ||
Discharge | Carhuacocha | 1 | 9.09 | 9.09 | 17.19 | 88.00 | Good |
2 | 9.09 | 9.09 | 15.92 | 88.00 | Good | ||
3 | 9.09 | 9.09 | 16.38 | 88.00 | Good | ||
4 | 9.09 | 9.09 | 17.79 | 87.00 | Good | ||
5 | 9.09 | 9.09 | 17.12 | 88.00 | Good | ||
6 | 9.09 | 9.09 | 13.88 | 89.00 | Good | ||
7 | 9.09 | 9.09 | 17.19 | 88.00 | Good | ||
8 | 9.09 | 9.09 | 21.29 | 86.00 | Good | ||
Vichecocha | 1 | 18.18 | 18.18 | 21.24 | 81.00 | Good | |
2 | 9.09 | 9.09 | 26.67 | 83.00 | Good | ||
3 | 9.09 | 9.09 | 22.34 | 85.00 | Good | ||
4 | 9.09 | 9.09 | 18.29 | 87.00 | Good | ||
5 | 9.09 | 9.09 | 20.90 | 86.00 | Good | ||
6 | 9.09 | 9.09 | 23.02 | 85.00 | Good | ||
7 | 9.09 | 9.09 | 27.14 | 83.00 | Good | ||
8 | 18.18 | 18.18 | 24.52 | 79.00 | Fair |
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Pizarro, S.; Custodio, M.; Solórzano-Acosta, R.; Contreras, D.; Verástegui-Martínez, P. Water Storage–Discharge Relationship with Water Quality Parameters of Carhuacocha and Vichecocha Lagoons in the Peruvian Puna Highlands. Water 2024, 16, 2505. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172505
Pizarro S, Custodio M, Solórzano-Acosta R, Contreras D, Verástegui-Martínez P. Water Storage–Discharge Relationship with Water Quality Parameters of Carhuacocha and Vichecocha Lagoons in the Peruvian Puna Highlands. Water. 2024; 16(17):2505. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172505
Chicago/Turabian StylePizarro, Samuel, Maria Custodio, Richard Solórzano-Acosta, Duglas Contreras, and Patricia Verástegui-Martínez. 2024. "Water Storage–Discharge Relationship with Water Quality Parameters of Carhuacocha and Vichecocha Lagoons in the Peruvian Puna Highlands" Water 16, no. 17: 2505. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172505