Characterization of Groundwater Hydrochemistry and Temporal Dynamics of Water Quality in the Northern Baiquan Spring Basin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Study Area
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Testing
2.3. Groundwater Quality Evaluation
3. Results
3.1. Overall Characteristics of Groundwater Hydrochemistry
3.2. Hydrochemical Types
3.3. Water Quality Evaluation Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Sources of Major Ions
4.2. Variation Characteristics of Major Ion Content in Groundwater
4.3. Variation Characteristics of Groundwater Quality
4.4. Suggestions for the Management, Utilization, and Protection of Groundwater Resources in NBSB
- (1)
- Establish Comprehensive Legislation and Policies: Develop robust laws, regulations, and policies to define groundwater management responsibilities and rights clearly. Regulate groundwater development and use, and enhance supervision over groundwater resources.
- (2)
- Enhance Groundwater Monitoring: Strengthen groundwater monitoring by establishing a comprehensive network to track groundwater levels, water quality, and quantity. This will enable the assessment of dynamic changes in groundwater resources and provide a scientific basis for their rational use.
- (3)
- Control Groundwater Pollution Sources: Implement stringent measures to prevent the discharge of harmful substances into groundwater. Increase efforts to manage and mitigate groundwater pollution.
- (4)
- Improve Groundwater Resource Management: Advance the integrated management of groundwater resources by refining management institutions, coordinating resources across stakeholders, and ensuring the rational allocation and use of groundwater.
- (5)
- Designate Groundwater Protection Zones: Identify and protect groundwater protection zones by restricting development and utilization in sensitive areas. Prevent pollutant infiltration to safeguard groundwater quality and ensure its sustainable use.
- (6)
- Promote Public Awareness and Education: Enhance public education and awareness about groundwater resources. Encourage water conservation practices and foster a greater understanding of groundwater protection among the public.
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- From 2018 to 2023, the average pH of groundwater in the NBSB was 7.59, indicating a generally weak alkalinity. The average TDS and TH were 665.63 mg/L and 527.80 mg/L, respectively, classifying the water predominantly as hard-fresh. The predominant anions and cations were HCO3− and Ca2+, with mean concentrations of 160.62 mg/L and 329.97 mg/L, respectively, which classifies the groundwater hydrochemical type in the NBSB as HCO3-Ca.
- (2)
- The primary ions in the NBSB’s groundwater are derived from mineral dissolution, primarily from carbonate and silicate minerals. There is also dissolution of halite and gypsum. Additionally, anthropogenic activities have influenced the chemical composition of the groundwater, with NO3− primarily originating from agricultural practices.
- (3)
- The fluctuation in anion concentrations over time was more pronounced compared to cations. Overall, while the main ions at the BQ03 monitoring point exhibited a significant increasing trend after 2021, other monitoring points did not show notable increases or decreases over time.
- (4)
- The overall groundwater quality in the NBSB is satisfactory and suitable for use as a water supply source. However, with the exception of the BQ06 monitoring point, the EWQI values at all other points have shown an upward trend over time, particularly at BQ03, which warrants attention. It is recommended to enhance the management, utilization, and protection of groundwater resources in the NBSB to ensure their sustainable use.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Maximum | Minimum | Mean | Standard Deviation | Coefficient of Variation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 8.1 | 7.1 | 7.59 | 0.23 | 3.03 |
TH (mg/L) | 950 | 298 | 527.80 | 187.66 | 35.56 |
TDS (mg/L) | 1215 | 371 | 665.63 | 248.05 | 37.27 |
Ca2+ (mg/L) | 301 | 89.6 | 160.62 | 58.62 | 36.50 |
Mg2+ (mg/L) | 66.6 | 18.1 | 30.77 | 11.29 | 36.69 |
K+ (mg/L) | 3.62 | 0.46 | 1.39 | 0.92 | 66.19 |
Na+ (mg/L) | 44.8 | 2.93 | 19.77 | 13.75 | 69.55 |
Cl− (mg/L) | 165 | 8.25 | 53.39 | 47.17 | 88.35 |
SO42− (mg/L) | 583 | 58.7 | 184.39 | 113.34 | 61.47 |
HCO3− (mg/L) | 578 | 187 | 329.79 | 93.94 | 28.48 |
NO3− (mg/L) | 131 | 12.2 | 37.76 | 17.62 | 46.66 |
F− (mg/L) | 0.57 | 0.06 | 0.26 | 0.11 | 42.31 |
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Wu, D.; Li, B.; Li, Y.; Li, Q.; Sheng, C.; Liu, J.; Wang, M.; Min, Y.; Feng, J.; Zhang, Y.; et al. Characterization of Groundwater Hydrochemistry and Temporal Dynamics of Water Quality in the Northern Baiquan Spring Basin. Water 2024, 16, 2519. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172519
Wu D, Li B, Li Y, Li Q, Sheng C, Liu J, Wang M, Min Y, Feng J, Zhang Y, et al. Characterization of Groundwater Hydrochemistry and Temporal Dynamics of Water Quality in the Northern Baiquan Spring Basin. Water. 2024; 16(17):2519. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172519
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Di, Bo Li, Yuxing Li, Qingbin Li, Chen Sheng, Jiutan Liu, Min Wang, Yangyang Min, Jianguo Feng, Yuqi Zhang, and et al. 2024. "Characterization of Groundwater Hydrochemistry and Temporal Dynamics of Water Quality in the Northern Baiquan Spring Basin" Water 16, no. 17: 2519. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172519