An Integrated Hydrogeophysical Approach for Unsaturated Zone Monitoring Using Time Domain Reflectometry, Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Ground Penetrating Radar
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Infiltration Experiment Setup
2.2. Infiltration Rate and Grain Size Analysis
2.3. Inverse Modeling for the Estimation of the Soil Moisture Profile
3. Results
3.1. TDR Measurements
3.2. ERT Measurements
3.3. GPR Measurements
- Subtract mean (dewow);
- Correct max. phase;
- Move start-time;
- Manual gain;
- Bandpassbutterworth filter (200–600 MHz);
- Background removal;
- Spectral whitening (200–600 MHz);
- Deconvolution (0, 26, 2, 0.5);
- fk migration (Stolt) (V: 0.1 m/ns);
- Envelope.
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Borehole | Textural Class | Gravel (%) | Sand (%) | Silt (%) | Clay (%) | Cu | Cc | k (m/day) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Sandy loam | 41 | 38 | 13 | 8 | 870.9 | 2.44 | 3.205 |
A | Sandy loam | 33 | 42 | 16 | 9 | 577.98 | 0.89 | 2.851 |
D | Sandy loam | 37 | 40 | 17 | 6 | 550.1 | 1.17 | 5.14 |
C | Sandy loam | 28 | 44 | 20 | 8 | 445.21 | 0.63 | 2.082 |
Central | Sandy loam | 30 | 41 | 23 | 6 | 423.87 | 0.36 | 3.266 |
Time | 0 min | 40 min | 80 min | 140 min | 190 min | 240 min |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flow (L/min) | 2.2 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
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Papadopoulos, A.; Apostolopoulos, G.; Kallioras, A. An Integrated Hydrogeophysical Approach for Unsaturated Zone Monitoring Using Time Domain Reflectometry, Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Ground Penetrating Radar. Water 2024, 16, 2559. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182559
Papadopoulos A, Apostolopoulos G, Kallioras A. An Integrated Hydrogeophysical Approach for Unsaturated Zone Monitoring Using Time Domain Reflectometry, Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Ground Penetrating Radar. Water. 2024; 16(18):2559. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182559
Chicago/Turabian StylePapadopoulos, Alexandros, George Apostolopoulos, and Andreas Kallioras. 2024. "An Integrated Hydrogeophysical Approach for Unsaturated Zone Monitoring Using Time Domain Reflectometry, Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Ground Penetrating Radar" Water 16, no. 18: 2559. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182559