Microalgal–Bacteria Biofilm in Wastewater Treatment: Advantages, Principles, and Establishment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Advantages of MBBFs in Comparison with Other Wastewater Treatment Technologies
2.1. Emerging Pollutant Removal
2.2. High Value of Microalgal–Bacterial Biomass
2.3. Carbon Capture
3. Pollutant Removal Pathways and Collaborative Mechanism of MBBFs
3.1. Multiple Pollutant Removal Pathways
3.1.1. Carbon Removal
3.1.2. Nitrogen Removal
3.1.3. Phosphorus Removal
3.2. Interactions between Microalgae and Bacteria in MBBFs
3.2.1. The Synergistic Interactions between Microalgae and Bacteria Enhance Growth Activity and Resistance
3.2.2. Competition and Antagonism between Microalgae and Bacteria
4. The Principle and Process of Establishing an MBBF
4.1. Establishment of an MBC
4.2. MBBF Formation Process
4.2.1. Establishment of Biofilm on Carrier Surface
4.2.2. EPSs Form the Backbone of Biofilms
5. Factors Affecting the Formation of MBBFs
5.1. Environmental Factors
5.2. Biological Factors
5.3. Carrier Factors
6. Photobioreactor Suitable for Implementing MBBF Applications
6.1. Open Photobioreactor
6.1.1. Membrane Photobioreactor
6.1.2. Runway Photobioreactor
6.2. Closed Photobioreactor
6.2.1. Plate Photobioreactor
6.2.2. Column Photobioreactor
6.2.3. Tubular Photobioreactor
7. Challenges and Future Perspectives of MBBF Coupled Wastewater Treatment Systems
7.1. Challenges of MBBF Coupled Wastewater Treatment Systems
7.2. Future Perspectives of MBBF Coupled Wastewater Treatment Systems
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Microalgae–Bacteria Consortium | Emerging Pollutants Types | Pollutant Concentration | Removal Efficiency | Removal Mechanism | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mud from Sanyuan Lake and Scenedesmus obliquus FACHB-12 | Chlortetracyc (CTC) | 80 mg/L | CTC: 79.7 ± 2.2% | Biosorption and enzymatic biodegradation | [12] |
C. vulgaris and B. licheniformis | Oxytetracycline (OTC) and enrofloxacin (EFX) | OTC < 5 mg/L, EFX < 1 mg/L | OTC: 97.84~99.76% EFX: 42.68~42.90% | Photodegradation and biological effects | [13] |
Sediments mixed with the aquaculture waster for the formation of the MBBF | Se | 115 ± 5 μg/L | Se: 83.74% | Sulfate pathway | [15] |
H. pluvialis and activated sludge | Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), Tetracycline and Erythromycin (ERY) | ERY (100 mg/L), SMX (100 mg/L) and TET (37.3 mg/L) | SMX: 97.08% ERY: 98.15% TET: 89.73% | Biosorption | [20] |
Scenedesmus almeriensis biomass was harvested from an HRAP | Tetracycline (TTC), ciprofloxacin (CPF), sulfadiazine (SDZ) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) | 100 μg/L | TTC: 99.9% CPF: 78.0% SDZ: 52.6% SMX: 5.0% | Biosorption and biodegradation | [21] |
Chlorella sorokiniana and Brevundimon | Cephalexin (CEP) and Erythromycin (ERY) | 50 μg/L | CEP: 96.54 ± 5.31% ERY: 92.38 ± 3.13% | Biodegradation | [22] |
Chlorella sp., Spirulina platensis and Artemia sp. | Ketoprofen | 16 mM | degraded up to 16 mM ketoprofen | Biodegradation | [23] |
Photo-rotating biological contactor: Ulothrix sp. | Cu | 80–100 mg/L | Cu: 50% | Biosorption | [24] |
Chlorella sp. and B. tropica | Hg | 0.041 mg/L | Hg: 86% | Biosorption | [25] |
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Xu, S.; Li, Z.; Yu, S.; Chen, Z.; Xu, J.; Qiu, S.; Ge, S. Microalgal–Bacteria Biofilm in Wastewater Treatment: Advantages, Principles, and Establishment. Water 2024, 16, 2561. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182561
Xu S, Li Z, Yu S, Chen Z, Xu J, Qiu S, Ge S. Microalgal–Bacteria Biofilm in Wastewater Treatment: Advantages, Principles, and Establishment. Water. 2024; 16(18):2561. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182561
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Shiling, Zimu Li, Sheng Yu, Zhipeng Chen, Jiajie Xu, Shuang Qiu, and Shijian Ge. 2024. "Microalgal–Bacteria Biofilm in Wastewater Treatment: Advantages, Principles, and Establishment" Water 16, no. 18: 2561. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182561