Impacts of Wildfires on Groundwater Recharge: A Comprehensive Analysis of Processes, Methodological Challenges, and Research Opportunities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Examining the Influence of Wildfires on Water Budget and Groundwater Recharge
3. Soil-Water-Balance Components and Their Post-Fire Response: An Overview
3.1. Exploring the Complexity of Post-Fire Precipitation and Its Implications for Water-Balance Management
3.2. Fire-Induced Albedo Alterations and Evapotranspiration: Analyzing Recovery Patterns and Vegetation Response
3.3. Impacts of Fire on Soil Infiltrability and Runoff Generation
4. The Feasibility of Incorporating Changes in Post-Fire Recharge Simulations: Lessons Learned from Past Studies
4.1. Fire Severity and Post-Fire Metrics
4.2. Long-Term Interception and Evapotranspiration Estimates Focused on Continuous Water-Balance Models
4.3. Post-Fire Runoff and Infiltration Dynamics: Approaches from Peak Flow Model Studies
5. Modeling the Impacts of Wildfires on Groundwater Recharge: Challenges and Opportunities
5.1. Challenges and Advances in Measuring Wind Speed for Improved Post-Fire Evapotranspiration Estimation
5.2. Impacts of Wildfires on Surface Temperatures and Evapotranspiration in Forest Ecosystems
5.3. Harnessing Opportunities: Validation Alternatives with Satellite Insights and Neighboring Basin Analyses
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component | Approximate Relationship with ΔNBR | Initial Change in the Component Relative to Unburned Value | Post-Fire Timeline | Context and Study Reference | Relevance to Long-Term Groundwater Recharge |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leaf Area Index (LAI) | Linear (↓) | Decreases by approximately 34.0% (low severity) to 96.5% (high severity). Recovery to 90–108% of pre-fire levels during regeneration. | Estimated for a mixed conifer vegetation community in New Mexico [51] and for deciduous grasses and shrubs in Canada [141]. | Moderate, indirect impact; applicable only when regeneration is absent since severe crown damage could negatively affect the survival of burned trees [140]. | |
Albedo () | Linear (↑) after the first year | High-severity wildfires cause a 52% spring albedo increase, rising to 76% after 5–7 years, significantly larger than the 16% summer albedo decrease (26% later). The severity gap reaches 60%. | Estimated for 4 Canadian ecozones dominated by needleleaf forests, broadleaf/mixed forests, and closed and open shrublands [141]. | Low, indirect impact; it does revert to its original value; however, special attention should be paid to the spring albedo. | |
Curve number for normal moisture conditions (CN II) | Inferred through burn patch formation (↑) associated with soil-based characteristics | Ash patch values range from 77 (sand) to 94 (clay), representing an increase between 71% and 13% of their pre-fire values in a broad-leaved forest. These values persist for at least the following 1.5 years [128]. | Distinct ash patch values suggested by Batellis and Nalbantis [52] for various soil types (A, B, C, and D). | High; it does not revert to its original value and is directly linked to recharge. | |
Saturated hydraulic conductivity (KST) | Exponential decrease (↓) for low severity wildfires; no changes observed | Variability ranges up to 93% in soil with 4 cm pre-fire litter-duff depth consumed after a high-severity fire. | Adjusted for sandy loams () based on Atchley et al. [51], in reference to Moody et al. [108]. | High; it does not revert to its original value and is directly linked to recharge. |
Component\Wildfire Severity Scenario ΔNBR | 70 < Low < 315 | 315 < Moderate < 640 | 640 < High | Guidelines for Its Application and References | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P | |||||||
I | |||||||
↓ | Leaf Area Index (LAI) | unburned value | unburned value | unburned value | Estimated for mixed conifer vegetation community [51]. | ||
↓ | Daily interception threshold ID = F (LAI) | Equation introduced by De Groen and Savenije [147] to estimate the average monthly interception. | |||||
Sr | |||||||
↑↑ | Curve number for normal moisture conditions (CN II) | Unique values for ash patches proposed by Batellis and Nalbantis [52] for different types of soil (A, B, C, and D) through a modified version of the SCS-CN method on a daily basis. | |||||
↓ ↓ | Saturated hydraulic conductivity (KST) | = constant = unburned value | a b | a Estimated for sandy loams () for 420 < ΔNBRr < 886 [108]. b Adjusted for less permeable sandy loams () [51]. | |||
ET | |||||||
↓ | Albedo () | + unburned value | + unburned value | + unburned value | For spring albedo in four Canadian ecozones with needleleaf forest, broadleaf/mixed forest, and closed and open shrublands [141]. | ||
↑ | Surface resistance = F (LAI) | Estimation used by most methods [148]. | |||||
↓ | Crop coefficient KcFAO = F (LAI) | Crop coefficient for natural vegetation proposed by Monteith [149]. | |||||
R | |||||||
Water-balance equation (R) | R = P − I (↓) − ET (↑↓) − Sr (↑) |
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Guzmán-Rojo, M.; Fernandez, J.; d’Abzac, P.; Huysmans, M. Impacts of Wildfires on Groundwater Recharge: A Comprehensive Analysis of Processes, Methodological Challenges, and Research Opportunities. Water 2024, 16, 2562. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182562
Guzmán-Rojo M, Fernandez J, d’Abzac P, Huysmans M. Impacts of Wildfires on Groundwater Recharge: A Comprehensive Analysis of Processes, Methodological Challenges, and Research Opportunities. Water. 2024; 16(18):2562. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182562
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuzmán-Rojo, Mónica, Jeanne Fernandez, Paul d’Abzac, and Marijke Huysmans. 2024. "Impacts of Wildfires on Groundwater Recharge: A Comprehensive Analysis of Processes, Methodological Challenges, and Research Opportunities" Water 16, no. 18: 2562. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182562