Enhanced Visible-Light-Assisted Photocatalytic Removal of Tetracycline Using Co/La@g-C3N4 Ternary Nanocomposite and Underlying Reaction Mechanisms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Synthesis and Characterization
2.2. Degradation Experiment
2.3. Photoelectrochemical Measurements
2.4. Identification of Active Radical Species and Possible Intermediates
3. Results
3.1. Visible-Light Photocatalytic Activity of Photocatalysts
3.2. Mechanism of Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Activity
3.2.1. Material Property Characterization
3.2.2. Routes of Active Species Formation and Possible Pathways of Degradation
3.3. Effects of Reaction Conditions on Photocatalytic Degradation
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Photocatalysts (Synthetic Method) | Dosage (g/L) | TC (mg/L) | Light Source (Wavelength) | Removal (%) within Duration | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu-doped g-C3N4 (heating of pre-formed g-C3N4 and Cu) | 0.2 | 50 | 1000 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) | 99 (30 min) | [46] |
Ba-doped g-C3N4 (thermal condensation of Ba(NO3)2 and melamine) | 0.5 | 10 | 150 W Xe lamp (λ > 400 nm) | 70 (120 min) | [10] |
Ag-doped g-C3N4 (photodeposition on pre-formed g-C3N4) | 1.0 | 20 | 300 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) | 76 (120 min) | [47] |
Eu-doped g-C3N4 (thermal treatment of pre-formed g-C3N4 and Eu2O3) | 0.2 | 20 | 300 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) | 82 (50 min) | [12] |
La-doped g-C3N4 (hydrothermal treatment of pre-formed g-C3N4 and La(NO3)3, followed by calcination) | - | 10 | Visible light (λ = 400–800 nm) | 92 (90 min) | [40] |
La2O3/g-C3N4 (mixing of pre-formed g-C3N4 and La2O3, followed by drying and heating) | 2 | 20 | Visible light (λ ≥ 400 nm) | 40 (40 min) | [41] |
B/Na co-doped g-C3N4 (mixing of pre-formed g-C3N4 and sodium borohydride, followed by calcination) | 0.1 | 30 | 300 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) | 78 (30 min) | [14] |
B/Eu co-doped g-C3N4 (thermal treatment of pre-formed g-C3N4, H3BO3 and Eu2O3) | 0.4 | 20 | 400 W Halogen lamp | 91 (50 min) | [48] |
S/Se co-doped g-C3N4 (mixing of pre-formed g-C3N4 and SeS2, followed by heating) | 0.4 | 30 | 500 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) | 78 (60 min) | [19] |
Co/La@g-C3N4 (one-pot synthesis) | 0.4 | 20 | 300 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) | 94 (40 min) | This study |
0.4 | 50 | 300 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) | 88 (40 min) |
Photocatalyst | Crystalline Size (nm) | Pore Diameter (nm) | Pore Volume (cm3 g−1) | Specific Surface Area (m2 g−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
g-C3N4 | 4.77 | 18.6 | 0.0124 | 41.3 |
La@g-C3N4 | 2.02 | 20.5 | 0.0135 | 45.8 |
Co@g-C3N4 | 2.57 | 20.9 | 0.0241 | 79.8 |
Co/La@g-C3N4 | 2.08 | 19.2 | 0.0192 | 65.5 |
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John, K.I.; Issa, T.B.; Ho, G.; Nikoloski, A.N.; Li, D. Enhanced Visible-Light-Assisted Photocatalytic Removal of Tetracycline Using Co/La@g-C3N4 Ternary Nanocomposite and Underlying Reaction Mechanisms. Water 2024, 16, 2563. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182563
John KI, Issa TB, Ho G, Nikoloski AN, Li D. Enhanced Visible-Light-Assisted Photocatalytic Removal of Tetracycline Using Co/La@g-C3N4 Ternary Nanocomposite and Underlying Reaction Mechanisms. Water. 2024; 16(18):2563. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182563
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohn, Kingsley Igenepo, Touma B. Issa, Goen Ho, Aleksandar N. Nikoloski, and Dan Li. 2024. "Enhanced Visible-Light-Assisted Photocatalytic Removal of Tetracycline Using Co/La@g-C3N4 Ternary Nanocomposite and Underlying Reaction Mechanisms" Water 16, no. 18: 2563. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182563