Spatial Distribution Patterns of Zooplankton and Macroinvertebrates in a Small River under Strong Anthropogenic Pressure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Area of Study
2.2. Sampling and Laboratory Procedure
2.3. Statistical Method
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The benthic macroinvertebrate communities are influenced by local conditions at the site, and the littoral zooplankton shows similar behavior, albeit to a lesser extent.
- Pelagic zooplankton exhibits a strong dependency on drift and its production in the upper reaches of the river. The composition of pelagic organisms remains relatively consistent downstream, even in a highly altered river environment.
- In small lowland watercourses impacted by strong anthropopressure, the applicability of the River Continuum Concept schemes is less pronounced for drifting organisms compared to sedentary organisms.
- To improve the biodiversity values and ecological state of a river, restoration treatments of the bed and shore zones are required.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site | TEMP (°C) | O2 (mg/L) | pH | COND (µS cm) | TDS (g/L) | CL (mg/L) | CHL A (µg/L) | NO3 (mg/L) | NH4 (mg/L) | SAL (g/L) | S.S. (mg/L) | PTOT (mg/L) | NTOT (mg/L) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | mean | 11.44 | 8.22 | 7.48 | 384.67 | 0.2429 | 107.02 | 4.37 | 3.09 | 1.36 | 0.19 | 13.83 | 0.63 | 2.52 |
SD | 7.36 | 2.69 | 0.78 | 66.85 | 0.0403 | 92.10 | 3.29 | 3.22 | 1.72 | 0.04 | 15.67 | 0.78 | 1.71 | |
min | 0.81 | 4.21 | 6.00 | 215.00 | 0.1378 | 25.60 | 1.31 | 0.27 | 0.32 | 0.10 | 4.00 | 0.11 | 0.50 | |
max | 23.06 | 11.80 | 8.32 | 492.00 | 0.3174 | 280.00 | 12.30 | 9.61 | 5.60 | 0.23 | 63.00 | 2.84 | 5.30 | |
2 | mean | 12.02 | 8.13 | 7.31 | 670.92 | 0.4251 | 197.25 | 3.63 | 3.75 | 4.51 | 0.33 | 15.00 | 0.51 | 4.25 |
SD | 7.00 | 2.35 | 0.74 | 120.93 | 0.0822 | 125.74 | 2.32 | 3.27 | 5.96 | 0.06 | 12.96 | 0.18 | 3.22 | |
min | 3.07 | 4.12 | 5.82 | 474.00 | 0.3035 | 68.68 | 1.48 | 0.50 | 1.15 | 0.24 | 5.00 | 0.19 | 0.80 | |
max | 23.96 | 11.50 | 8.04 | 861.00 | 0.5571 | 438.00 | 9.20 | 10.31 | 22.26 | 0.42 | 50.00 | 0.89 | 12.60 | |
3 | mean | 11.99 | 7.98 | 7.25 | 651.33 | 0.4152 | 197.51 | 3.51 | 3.67 | 3.73 | 0.32 | 14.67 | 0.80 | 4.65 |
SD | 6.72 | 2.19 | 0.78 | 85.99 | 0.0542 | 119.92 | 2.49 | 3.25 | 3.83 | 0.04 | 7.76 | 0.86 | 3.27 | |
min | 3.04 | 4.40 | 5.71 | 537.00 | 0.3441 | 82.48 | 1.32 | 0.52 | 1.16 | 0.25 | 6.00 | 0.13 | 1.70 | |
max | 23.34 | 10.67 | 7.99 | 792.00 | 0.5075 | 430.00 | 10.10 | 10.04 | 14.96 | 0.41 | 30.00 | 3.20 | 12.50 | |
4 | mean | 11.89 | 7.89 | 7.24 | 624.08 | 0.3882 | 189.11 | 3.39 | 3.80 | 3.50 | 0.30 | 13.83 | 0.78 | 3.64 |
SD | 6.75 | 2.12 | 0.84 | 78.38 | 0.0489 | 115.76 | 2.35 | 3.84 | 3.52 | 0.05 | 7.46 | 0.82 | 2.68 | |
min | 2.70 | 4.28 | 5.52 | 482.00 | 0.2824 | 84.85 | 1.29 | 0.50 | 1.22 | 0.19 | 6.00 | 0.15 | 1.10 | |
max | 23.81 | 10.33 | 8.01 | 724.00 | 0.4415 | 426.00 | 9.40 | 11.72 | 13.55 | 0.36 | 26.00 | 3.00 | 10.50 | |
5 | mean | 11.60 | 8.26 | 7.14 | 563.25 | 0.3619 | 182.28 | 3.54 | 3.76 | 2.79 | 0.28 | 13.50 | 0.73 | 3.67 |
SD | 7.14 | 3.30 | 0.92 | 102.82 | 0.0626 | 118.42 | 2.31 | 4.09 | 2.19 | 0.06 | 7.81 | 0.65 | 2.82 | |
min | 1.31 | 3.82 | 5.05 | 326.00 | 0.2087 | 75.01 | 1.18 | 0.51 | 0.89 | 0.16 | 5.00 | 0.15 | 1.20 | |
max | 24.05 | 15.00 | 8.13 | 719.00 | 0.4415 | 420.00 | 8.80 | 12.18 | 7.33 | 0.36 | 29.00 | 2.14 | 9.80 | |
Jamno | mean | 11.96 | 8.33 | 6.80 | 481.67 | 0.3026 | 218.04 | 6.32 | 5.44 | 2.19 | 0.22 | 17.61 | 0.85 | 3.97 |
SD | 7.59 | 3.77 | 2.37 | 168.96 | 0.1039 | 133.88 | 9.31 | 4.58 | 1.75 | 0.08 | 9.53 | 0.71 | 2.79 | |
min | 1.31 | 3.30 | 0.92 | 102.82 | 0.0626 | 72.50 | 1.18 | 0.35 | 0.89 | 0.06 | 5.00 | 0.15 | 1.00 | |
max | 26.00 | 15.20 | 9.32 | 719.00 | 0.4415 | 420.00 | 34.00 | 12.18 | 7.33 | 0.36 | 32.00 | 2.14 | 9.80 |
Quantitative Similarity | Binary Similarity | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zooplankton | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
2 | 0.51 | 1.00 | |||||||||
3 | 0.52 | 0.68 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
4 | 0.59 | 0.66 | 0.85 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
5 | 0.68 | 0.52 | 0.57 | 0.64 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
J | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.81 | |
Macroinvertebrates | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
2 | 0.60 | 0.71 | |||||||||
3 | 0.34 | 0.42 | 0.60 | 0.59 | |||||||
4 | 0.34 | 0.41 | 0.75 | 0.80 | 0.63 | 0.70 | |||||
5 | 0.36 | 0.45 | 0.75 | 0.68 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.82 | 0.84 | |||
J | 0.24 | 0.28 | 0.52 | 0.55 | 0.57 | 0.48 | 0.44 | 0.61 | 0.65 | 0.67 |
Zooplankton | Macroinvertebrates | |
---|---|---|
r | 0.01 | 0.81 |
p-value | 0.3416 | 0.0083 |
Zooplankton | |||
---|---|---|---|
df | R2 | Adj. R2 | |
Site | 4 | 0.03797 | −0.032 |
Month | 15 | 0.73732 | 0.64777 |
Site + Month | 19 | 0.77568 | 0.66913 |
Macroinvertebrates | |||
Site | 4 | 0.14819 | −0.07895 |
Month | 3 | 0.37264 | 0.25501 |
Site + Month | 7 | 0.52084 | 0.24133 |
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Krepski, T.; Sługocki, Ł.; Goździk, I.; Humiczewski, M.; Popko, R.; Czerniawski, R. Spatial Distribution Patterns of Zooplankton and Macroinvertebrates in a Small River under Strong Anthropogenic Pressure. Water 2024, 16, 262. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16020262
Krepski T, Sługocki Ł, Goździk I, Humiczewski M, Popko R, Czerniawski R. Spatial Distribution Patterns of Zooplankton and Macroinvertebrates in a Small River under Strong Anthropogenic Pressure. Water. 2024; 16(2):262. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16020262
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrepski, Tomasz, Łukasz Sługocki, Iwona Goździk, Maciej Humiczewski, Rafał Popko, and Robert Czerniawski. 2024. "Spatial Distribution Patterns of Zooplankton and Macroinvertebrates in a Small River under Strong Anthropogenic Pressure" Water 16, no. 2: 262. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16020262