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Editorial

Application of Biomass Functional Materials in the Environment

by
Yiting Luo
1,2,3,† and
Rongkui Su
3,*,†
1
Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Hydropower Development, PowerChina Zhongnan Engineering Corporation Limited, Changsha 410004, China
2
Hunan First Normal University, Changsha 410114, China
3
National Engineering Laboratory of Southern Forestry Ecological Application Technology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Water 2024, 16(24), 3593; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16243593
Submission received: 3 December 2024 / Accepted: 11 December 2024 / Published: 13 December 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass Carbon Materials in Wastewater Treatment and Resource Utilization)
Versions Notes

1. Introduction

With the intensification of global environmental issues, traditional materials science is facing unprecedented challenges [1,2,3,4]. Problems such as water pollution [5,6,7], air pollution [8,9], soil pollution [10,11], solid waste management [12,13,14], and the energy crisis [15,16] require urgent solutions. In this context, biomass functional materials, as an emerging eco-friendly material, are gradually becoming a hot topic of research and application due to their renewability, low toxicity, and excellent physicochemical properties [17]. Biomass functional materials have various applications in the environmental field, particularly in water treatment [18,19,20,21,22], air purification [23,24], solid waste management [25], and energy conversion [26].

2. Biomass Functional Materials

Biomass functional materials refer to materials with specific functions, which are processed from plant, animal, or microbial sources through physical, chemical, or biological methods [27,28]. These materials have diversity in both structure and function, and their composition and treatment methods can be adjusted to achieve specific application goals [29,30]. Common biomass materials include wood, agricultural waste (such as rice husks and corn stalks), microalgae, and animal waste [31].
The characteristics of biomass materials include the following:
Renewability: Biomass sources are abundant and can be obtained through sustainable agricultural and forestry management [32];
Environmental friendliness: Biomass materials have a relatively low carbon footprint during production and use, which helps to reduce negative environmental impacts [33];
Functionality: Biomass materials can be endowed with various functions through chemical modification or composite material preparation [34], such as adsorption, catalysis, and conductivity [35].

3. Applications of Biomass Functional Materials

3.1. Water Treatment

Water pollution is a global issue, particularly in developing countries, where the contamination of water sources severely impacts public health and livelihoods [36,37,38,39]. Biomass functional materials have broad application prospects in water treatment [34], particularly in the following areas:

3.1.1. Adsorbent Applications

Biomass materials such as biochar, wood chips, and agricultural waste have been extensively studied as adsorbents in water treatment [40,41,42]. Biochar is produced through pyrolysis and carbonization processes and has a large specific surface area and rich porous structure [43], making it effective at removing heavy metal ions (such as lead, cadmium, arsenic, etc.) and organic pollutants from water [44,45,46].
For example, studies have shown that modified biochar can significantly improve the removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds [47]. Additionally, adsorbent materials prepared from waste products such as rice husks and corn stalks [48] not only reduce costs but also achieve resource recycling [49].

3.1.2. Reactor Development

The application of biomass functional materials in reactors also shows promising results. Biomass-based filters can be used to construct biological filters that effectively remove organic matter and nutrients from wastewater [50,51]. For example, composite materials based on natural fibers (such as coconut shell and cotton) can be used for the biological treatment of wastewater. Through microbial action, these materials help to degrade organic matter in the wastewater [52].

3.1.3. Membrane Technology

Membrane technology is an important method in water treatment [53], and the development of biomass functional materials has enhanced the performance of membrane materials. For instance, biomass-modified polymer membranes can improve membrane anti-fouling capabilities and selective permeability, reducing the fouling phenomenon of membranes [54]. These novel membrane materials show promising prospects in seawater desalination and wastewater treatment [55].

3.2. Air Purification

Air pollution is another major environmental issue faced by modern cities, especially in the context of the accelerated processes of industrialization and urbanization [56]. The concentrations of pollutants such as VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and PM2.5 (fine particulate matter) have been continuously rising [57]. The application of biomass functional materials in air purification has been increasingly recognized [58].

3.2.1. Adsorbent Materials

Biomass materials, such as activated carbon and lignin, are widely used for adsorbing pollutants in the air [59]. Activated carbon is a commonly used gas purification material that removes harmful gases like VOCs and ozone through physical and chemical adsorption [60]. Studies have shown that modified biochar exhibits better adsorption capacity than traditional activated carbon, offering superior economic and environmental benefits [61,62].

3.2.2. Photocatalysts

Photocatalytic technology is an emerging method of air purification [63]. Biomass functional materials can serve as substrates for photocatalysts, improving the efficiency of photocatalytic reactions [64]. For example, combining biomass with titanium dioxide (TiO2) can effectively reduce the amount of photocatalyst required while enhancing its catalytic activity. This composite material can catalytically decompose organic pollutants in the air under ultraviolet or visible light, thereby achieving air purification [65].

3.2.3. Composites

The combination of biomass with inorganic materials can form new multifunctional materials [34]. For example, biomass-based composites demonstrate good performance in environmental remediation, adsorbing harmful substances in the air and promoting chemical reactions. These materials not only clean the air but also enable resource recycling [66].

3.3. Solid Waste Treatment

Solid waste treatment and resource recovery are important research areas in modern environmental science [67]. The application of biomass functional materials in solid waste treatment provides new solutions for effective waste management and resource recycling [15].

3.3.1. Landfill Cover Materials

Biomass functional materials can be used as cover materials for landfills to help to reduce odors and leachate generation [68]. Studies show that using modified biomass materials as a cover layer can effectively suppress the release of harmful gases and reduce the environmental impacts of landfills [69].

3.3.2. Soil Amendments

Biomass waste (such as straw, fruit residues, etc.) can be converted into soil amendments [70], improving soil structure, increasing fertility, and enhancing water retention when applied [71]. This not only helps increase agricultural productivity but also reduces the use of pesticides and fertilizers, thereby minimizing the negative environmental impact [72].

3.3.3. Resource Recovery from Waste Incineration

Biomass materials also play an important role in waste incineration [73]. By mixing biomass with other solid wastes for co-incineration, energy recovery can be achieved while simultaneously reducing the volume of waste [74]. This process effectively reduces reliance on landfills and promotes the efficient utilization of resources [75].

3.4. Energy Conversion

Energy conversion is an important application area of biomass functional materials, especially in the context of the global energy crisis. The development and utilization of biomass energy have become increasingly crucial [15,76,77,78].

3.4.1. Production of Biofuels

Biomass can be converted into biogas and bio-oil through processes such as pyrolysis and gasification [79,80]. These renewable energies can effectively replace traditional fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions [81]. For example, pyrolyzing agricultural waste such as rice husks and corn stalks can produce high-energy-value biochar and bio-oil, providing new pathways for the development of renewable energy [82,83,84].

3.4.2. Energy Storage Materials

The application of biomass functional materials in energy storage devices has also attracted wide attention [29,34,85]. Studies have shown that electrode materials made from biomass materials (such as carbon materials) exhibit excellent electrochemical performance in supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries [86]. These materials not only possess good electrical conductivity but also demonstrate high cyclic stability and energy density during energy storage processes [87].

3.4.3. Fuel Cells

The application of biomass functional materials in fuel cells has also begun to gain attention [77,85]. By using biomass materials as electrolytes or catalysts in fuel cells, it is possible to enhance the efficiency of fuel cells and reduce production costs [88]. This development is expected to promote the commercialization of fuel cell technology [89].

4. Conclusions

The application of biomass functional materials in the environmental field shows broad potential and promising prospects. They can effectively address environmental issues such as water treatment, air purification, solid waste management, and energy conversion while also promoting sustainable development. In the future, with the deepening of research and the continuous development of technology, biomass functional materials are expected to play an increasingly important role in environmental management.
This Special Issue focuses on the application of biomass functional materials in water pollution control. In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome.

Author Contributions

Writing—original draft, Y.L.; writing—review and editing, R.S.; project administration, R.S.; funding acquisition, R.S. and Y.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Hydropower Development (PKLHD202308), National Natural Science Foundation of China (52000183), the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (2023JJ31010, 2024JJ7094), and the Research Project of the Hunan Provincial Department of Education (22B0883, 23A0225).

Acknowledgments

The authors thank all the participants who devoted their free time to participate in this study. This research was also funded by the Hunan Province Environmental Protection Research Project (HBKYXM-2023038), and the Scientific Research Foundation for Talented Scholars of CSUFT (2020YJ010).

Conflicts of Interest

Author Yiting Luo was employed by the company PowerChina Zhongnan Engineering Corporation Limited. The remaining author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Luo, Y.; Su, R. Application of Biomass Functional Materials in the Environment. Water 2024, 16, 3593. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16243593

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Luo Y, Su R. Application of Biomass Functional Materials in the Environment. Water. 2024; 16(24):3593. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16243593

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Luo, Yiting, and Rongkui Su. 2024. "Application of Biomass Functional Materials in the Environment" Water 16, no. 24: 3593. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16243593

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Luo, Y., & Su, R. (2024). Application of Biomass Functional Materials in the Environment. Water, 16(24), 3593. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16243593

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