The Critical Depth of Freeze-Thaw Soil under Different Types of Snow Cover
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Overview of the Study Area
2.2. Test Design
2.3. Analytical Methods
2.3.1. Data Processing
2.3.2. Evaluation Indicators
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. The Process of the Soil Freezing Depth Curve
3.2. Soil Temperature Variation
3.3. Variation in Soil Moisture Content
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Depth (cm) | Bare Land | Natural Snow | Compacted Snow | Thick Snow | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Field Capacity (%) | Soil Dry Density (g·cm−3) | Field Capacity (%) | Soil Dry Density (g·cm−3) | Field Capacity (%) | Soil Dry Density (g·cm−3) | Field Capacity (%) | Soil Dry Density (g·cm−3) | |
5 | 30.54 | 1.34 | 33.46 | 1.38 | 34.52 | 1.39 | 31.57 | 1.41 |
10 | 30.21 | 1.25 | 32.64 | 1.35 | 32.51 | 1.34 | 29.21 | 1.42 |
15 | 33.21 | 1.31 | 32.57 | 1.42 | 31.24 | 1.35 | 29.36 | 1.47 |
20 | 31.28 | 1.22 | 32.18 | 1.43 | 33.24 | 1.32 | 31.24 | 1.55 |
40 | 32.61 | 1.32 | 31.16 | 1.46 | 30.71 | 1.36 | 28.54 | 1.57 |
60 | 29.46 | 1.33 | 29.87 | 1.49 | 31.19 | 1.40 | 31.24 | 1.59 |
100 | 32.94 | 1.35 | 33.61 | 1.49 | 32.76 | 1.57 | 33.12 | 1.63 |
140 | 31.75 | 1.48 | 30.19 | 1.52 | 30.91 | 1.59 | 32.71 | 1.59 |
180 | 33.21 | 1.38 | 32.16 | 1.54 | 32.16 | 1.54 | 29.54 | 1.60 |
Treatment Method | Initial Freezing Period (15 December 2014) | Freezing Stability Period (30 January 2015) | Thawing Period (15 March 2015) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Snow Temperature (°C) | Snow Water Content (%) | Snow Density (g/cm3) | Snow Temperature (°C) | Snow Water Content (%) | Snow Density (g/cm3) | Snow Temperature (°C) | Snow Water Content (%) | Snow Density (g/cm3) | |
Natural snow | −8.9 | 18.6 | 0.118 | −12.9 | 24.2 | 0.137 | −7.8 | 28.6 | 0.110 |
Compacted snow | −9.5 | 26.4 | 0.174 | −11.3 | 36.5 | 0.212 | −6.3 | 38.3 | 0.189 |
Thick snow | −8.8 | 20.3 | 0.122 | −10.5 | 25.0 | 0.140 | −5.9 | 27.1 | 0.117 |
Soil Layer Depth (cm) | Soil Freezing Rate (cm/day) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Bare Land | Natural Snow | Compacted Snow | Thick Snow | |
0–10 | 0.91 | 0.71 | 0.67 | 0.63 |
10–20 | 1.11 | 1.43 | 1.43 | 0.67 |
20–30 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 0.91 |
30–40 | 1.43 | 1.43 | 1.11 | 0.77 |
40–50 | 1.67 | 1.67 | 1.43 | 0.91 |
50–60 | 2.00 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 |
60–70 | 1.67 | 1.11 | 1.00 | 1.11 |
70–80 | 1.43 | 1.00 | 1.11 | 0.67 |
80–90 | 1.11 | 1.25 | 0.71 | 0.40 |
90–100 | 1.11 | 0.91 | 0.50 | 0.33 |
100–110 | 0.71 | 0.67 | - | - |
110–120 | 0.67 | 0.45 | - | - |
120–130 | 0.45 | - | - | - |
Soil Depth /cm | Bare Land | Natural Snow | Compacted Snow | Thick Snow | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R (°C) | Cv (%) | D (°C) | R (°C) | Cv (%) | D (°C) | R (°C) | Cv (%) | D (°C) | R (°C) | Cv (%) | D (°C) | |
Δ(10−5)/5 | 0.65 | 12.138 | 0.361 | 0.64 | 11.578 | 0.298 | 0.63 | 11.967 | 0.276 | 0.59 | 14.134 | 0.328 |
Δ(15−10)/5 | 0.63 | 11.142 | 0.298 | 0.55 | 12.127 | 0.273 | 0.58 | 15.647 | 0.342 | 0.44 | 11.197 | 0.259 |
Δ(20−15)/5 | 0.57 | 9.142 | 0.218 | 0.46 | 11.345 | 0.256 | 0.56 | 8.431 | 0.224 | 0.32 | 7.342 | 0.238 |
Δ(40−20)/20 | 0.36 | 9.534 | 0.182 | 0.35 | 8.564 | 0.198 | 0.53 | 6.286 | 0.203 | 0.29 | 7.854 | 0.214 |
Δ(60−40)/20 | 0.48 | 5.782 | 0.183 | 0.23 | 5.335 | 0.167 | 0.48 | 4.973 | 0.138 | 0.27 | 5.342 | 0.127 |
Δ(100−60)/40 | 0.34 | 4.934 | 0.158 | 0.18 | 3.245 | 0.137 | 0.34 | 2.946 | 0.131 | 0.12 | 2.947 | 0.111 |
Δ(140−100)/40 | 0.20 | 2.645 | 0.061 | 0.13 | 1.672 | 0.059 | 0.20 | 1.754 | 0.067 | 0.13 | 1.824 | 0.061 |
Δ(180−140)/40 | 0.06 | 0.891 | 0.017 | 0.07 | 0.624 | 0.013 | 0.06 | 0.534 | 0.016 | 0.06 | 0.542 | 0.013 |
Soil Depth (cm) | Bare Land | Natural Snow | Compacted Snow | Thick Snow | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R (%) | Cv (%) | D (%) | R (%) | Cv (%) | D (%) | R (%) | Cv (%) | D (%) | R (%) | Cv (%) | D (%) | |
Δ(10−5)/5 | 2.39 | 12.634 | 1.263 | 2.37 | 8.345 | 1.387 | 2.54 | 9.046 | 1.164 | 2.92 | 12.241 | 1.441 |
Δ(15−10)/5 | 1.66 | 8.614 | 1.187 | 2.08 | 11.234 | 1.274 | 3.15 | 10.895 | 1.442 | 3.68 | 9.342 | 1.017 |
Δ(20−15)/5 | 1.77 | 5.431 | 0.952 | 1.62 | 6.534 | 0.986 | 4.05 | 6.734 | 0.948 | 4.69 | 6.345 | 0.814 |
Δ(40−20)/20 | 0.60 | 4.214 | 0.723 | 0.47 | 4.537 | 0.787 | 0.59 | 3.279 | 0.568 | 1.12 | 5.435 | 0.517 |
Δ(60−40)/20 | 0.35 | 2.217 | 0.692 | 0.53 | 2.298 | 0.718 | 0.72 | 2.975 | 0.507 | 0.80 | 2.178 | 0.529 |
Δ(100−60)/40 | 0.28 | 1.136 | 0.401 | 0.47 | 1.796 | 0.527 | 0.42 | 1.379 | 0.396 | 0.44 | 1.375 | 0.384 |
Δ(140−100)/40 | 0.20 | 0.964 | 0.363 | 0.19 | 0.867 | 0.460 | 0.33 | 1.124 | 0.247 | 0.35 | 0.768 | 0.254 |
Δ(180−140)/40 | 0.11 | 0.274 | 0.121 | 0.20 | 0.386 | 0.143 | 0.31 | 0.375 | 0.130 | 0.18 | 0.274 | 0.127 |
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Fu, Q.; Hou, R.; Li, T.; Yan, P.; Ma, Z. The Critical Depth of Freeze-Thaw Soil under Different Types of Snow Cover. Water 2017, 9, 370. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060370
Fu Q, Hou R, Li T, Yan P, Ma Z. The Critical Depth of Freeze-Thaw Soil under Different Types of Snow Cover. Water. 2017; 9(6):370. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060370
Chicago/Turabian StyleFu, Qiang, Renjie Hou, Tianxiao Li, Peiru Yan, and Ziao Ma. 2017. "The Critical Depth of Freeze-Thaw Soil under Different Types of Snow Cover" Water 9, no. 6: 370. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060370