Marine Environments in Front of the Ancient City of Pompeii (Southern Italy) at 79 CE: New Insights for the Unknown Location of the Harbour
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Previous Knowledge on Coastal Environments and Landforms
Previous Knowledge on the Harbour Location
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Geomorphological and Paleoenvironmental Approaches
3.2. Paleoecology
4. Results
4.1. Coastal Landforms in Front of Pompeii Ancient City
4.2. Stratigraphical Data
4.2.1. Previous Stratigraphic Data
4.2.2. New Borehole Data from the Masseria Curati Back-Ridge Area
Unit | Facies Description | Environment |
---|---|---|
1 | Brown and grey-brown volcaniclastic sandy deposits with a great amount of heterogenous and heterometric clastic components | Anthropogenic infilling |
2 | Dark-brown volcaniclastic fine sands with a great amount of organic matter (as little roots, wood) and coarse volcaniclastic contents as light pumice and dark lithics. | Soil and reworked volcaniclastic deposits |
3 | Several stratigraphical units can be synthesised into two main subunits: (3a) Greyish sandy-silt compacted ash, massive to the top and laminated to the bottom with intercalations of light pumice and dark lithics. This subunit, emplaced by pyroclastic currents, can be correlated to the phreatomagmatic phases of the 79 CE eruption, and to the most widespread pyroclastic current deposits in the eruption (corresponding to unit EU4 and EU8 of the volcanological stratigraphic framework of the 79 CE pyroclastic sequence by [1]). (3b) Openwork subangular loose pumice, grey to the bottom and white to the top, with inclusions of rare lithics, scoriae and yellowed carbonatic clasts. This subunit correlates to the Plinian fall deposits of the eruption (corresponding to unit EU2 and EU3 of [1]). | 79 CE eruptive units |
4 | Dark-brown volcaniclastic fine and medium sands, silty clay matrix supported, very rich in organic matter, both widespread within sediments both as remnants of charcoal, wood and bones. The top of the buried soil is marked by a thin reddish layer that also includes little calcified and weathered roots. An archaeological content (ceramics, bricks, fine pottery and tiles), with both angular and smoothed forms, is also present. Generally, the interface between this unit and the underlying unit is gradual. Several samples were taken for facies analyses (Table 3 and Table 4). The samples are devoid of significant microfossils, though one sample contains a rare continental species. | 79 CE buried soil |
5 | Dark-brown loose volcaniclastic fine-medium to medium-coarse sands very rich in widespread and weathered organic content. Millimetric shell fragments, rounded and subrounded millimetric carbonatic clasts and charcoal are also present. Several samples have been taken within the cores and subjected to paleontological analyses, allowing us to interpret this unit as an upper infralittoral environment (or upper shoreface) (Table 3 and Table 4). | 79 CE shallow marine deposits |
6 | Loose medium-coarse volcaniclastic sands, strongly rounded. The unit contains a centimetric ash and little pumiceous tephra layer, probably correlatable with fall-out deposits of the Somma-Vesuvian interplinian activity between the Avellino eruption (3.9 ka) and 79 CE. The paleoecological analyses of several samples taken in this unit reveal a lack of significant fossils. Many samples are barren or contain few freshwater species. | Fluvial deposits |
7 | Medium-coarse and medium-fine volcaniclastic sands with a dark-grey silty matrix very rich in organic content. Several shell fragments and charcoal are also present. This unit can be referred to as infralittoral environments as testified by the fossil assemblage. | Marine deposits |
8 | Porphyritic leucitic lava presenting a light alteration to the top. | Lava bedrock |
Borehole | Sample Depth (m) | Fossil Contents | 79 CE Paleoenvironments |
---|---|---|---|
S16 | 7.10–7.20 | very rare gastropod fragments | buried soil |
S17 | 7.80–8.00 8.10–8.20 | rare gastropod fragments, echinoderm spines and rare siliceous sponge spicules | mediolittoral (foreshore) |
S19 | 4.80–5.00 5.40–5.50 5.80–5.90 6.40–6.50 | well-diversified marine assemblages including benthic foraminifers, ostracods and other metazoan remains | upper infralittoral (upper shoreface) 0–5 m b.s.l., except the sample 5.80–5.90: mediolittoral (foreshore) ~0 m (~sea level) |
S21 | 4.70–4.90 5.20–5.30 | rare gastropod fragments and rare diatoms fragments; microscopic remains of various marine taxa | mediolittoral (foreshore) ~0 m (~sea level) |
S25 | 4.80–4.90 5.20–5.30 5.60–5.70 | benthic foraminifers, gastropod and echinoderm spines | upper infralittoral (upper shoreface) 0–5 m b.s.l., except the sample 5.20–5.30: mediolittoral (foreshore) ~0 m (~sea level) |
S41 | 4.30–4.40 4.40–4.60 5.10–5.30 5.30–5.50 5.50–5.70 | rare gastropod fragments; marine taxa including gastropods, benthic foraminifers and echinoderm spines | mediolittoral (foreshore) ~0 m (~sea level) except the sample 5.50–5.70: upper infralittoral (upper shoreface) 0–5 m b.s.l. |
S59 | 5.70–5.80 | barren | buried soil |
S73 | 7.10–7.20 | gastropod fragments | buried soil |
C1 | 5.80–5.90 | barren | buried soil |
5.90–6.00 | gastropods and plant remains | ||
C2 | 5.85–5.90 | barren | buried soil |
6.00–6.10 | gastropods and plant remains | ||
C3 | 5.50–5.60 | gastropods and plant remains | buried soil |
C4 | 5.90 6.70–6.80 | gastropods and plant remains | buried soil |
C5 | 5.30–5.40 6.00–6.10 | barren | buried soil |
P1 | SA1 | plant remains | buried soil |
P2 | SA2 | plant remains | buried soil |
IM | 3.50 7.00 | barren | buried soil |
4.60 | microscopic plant remains |
Borehole | S16 | S17 | S19 | S21 | S25 | S41 | S59 | S73 | S74 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Samples | 7.10–7.20 | 8.10–8.20 | 7.80–8.00 | 6.40–6.50 | 5.80–5.90 | 5.40–5.50 | 4.80–5.00 | 5.20–5.30 | 4.70–4.90 | 5.60–5.70 | 5.20–5.30 | 4.80–4.90 | 5.50–5.70 | 5.30–5.50 | 5.10–5.30 | 4.40–4.60 | 4.30–4.40 | 5.70–5.80 | 7.10–7.20 | 6.10–6.20 |
BACILLARIOPHYTA | barren | barren | ||||||||||||||||||
BIVALVIA | R | R | VR | VR | R | |||||||||||||||
ECHINODERMATA | VR | R | VR | VR | R | VR | ||||||||||||||
GASTROPODA | VR | R | VR | U | U | VR | C | U | A | A | R | R | A | C | R | VR | U | |||
PORIFERA | VR | VR | R | VR | VR | |||||||||||||||
RADIOLARIA | VR | |||||||||||||||||||
SERPULIDAE | VR | VR | VR | VR | R | VR | ||||||||||||||
FORAMINIFERA | ||||||||||||||||||||
Ammonia aberdoveyensis (Haynes 1973) [63], rounded form | 1 | barren | barren | |||||||||||||||||
Cibicides lobatulus (Walker & Jacob, 1798) [64] | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
Elphidium poeyanum (d’Orbigny, 1839) [65], FS form | 2 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
Gavelinopsis praegeri (Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913) [66] | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
Neoconorbina terquemi (Rzehak, 1888) [67] | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
Rosalina macropora (Hofker, 1951) [68] | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
Rosalina obtusa (d’Orbigny, 1846) [69] | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
Tretomphalus concinnus (Brady, 1884) [70] | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
OSTRACODA MNI | ||||||||||||||||||||
Loxoconcha ovulata (Costa, 1853) [71] | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
OSTRACODA TNV | ||||||||||||||||||||
Loxoconcha ovulata (Costa, 1853) [71] | 1 |
Borehole/Trench | SA | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | IM | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Samples | SA1 | SA2 | 5.80–5.90 | 5.90–6.00 | 5.85–5.90 | 6.00–6.10 | 5.50–5.60 | 5.90–6.00 | 6.70–6.80 | 5.30–5.40 | 6.00–6.10 | 3.50 | 4.60 | 7.00 |
GASTROPODA | barren | VR | barren | VR | VR | C | VR | barren | barren | barren | ||||
PLANT REMAINS | R | VR | VR | U | VR |
5. Discussion
- ➢
- The Bottaro dunal ridge presented one or more morphological discontinuities to allow the marine waters to reach to the Masseria Curati area.
- ➢
- ➢
- Other possible connections can be hypothesised north of the Bottaro dunal ridge, where it drops in height, or in the southern area where the ancient Sarno River paleomouth cuts the dunal ridge at several points.
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Aiello, G.; Amato, V.; Amoretti, V.; Barra, D.; Di Vito, M.A.; Doronzo, D.M.; Infante, A.; Russo, A.; Sparice, D.; Zuchtriegel, G. Marine Environments in Front of the Ancient City of Pompeii (Southern Italy) at 79 CE: New Insights for the Unknown Location of the Harbour. Land 2024, 13, 1198. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081198
Aiello G, Amato V, Amoretti V, Barra D, Di Vito MA, Doronzo DM, Infante A, Russo A, Sparice D, Zuchtriegel G. Marine Environments in Front of the Ancient City of Pompeii (Southern Italy) at 79 CE: New Insights for the Unknown Location of the Harbour. Land. 2024; 13(8):1198. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081198
Chicago/Turabian StyleAiello, Giuseppe, Vincenzo Amato, Valeria Amoretti, Diana Barra, Mauro Antonio Di Vito, Domenico Maria Doronzo, Andrea Infante, Antonino Russo, Domenico Sparice, and Gabriel Zuchtriegel. 2024. "Marine Environments in Front of the Ancient City of Pompeii (Southern Italy) at 79 CE: New Insights for the Unknown Location of the Harbour" Land 13, no. 8: 1198. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081198