Land Cover and Land Use Ontology—Evolution of International Standards, Challenges, and Opportunities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Classification System Standards
2.1. The Concept
2.2. Land Characterization
2.3. ISO Process and an Approach to Standardization
2.4. A New Land Use Standard
3. Discussion
3.1. Case Studies
3.1.1. Case Study 1: Assessing Land Degradation in the South America
3.1.2. Case Study 2: Agricultural Land Use Optimization in West Africa
3.1.3. Case Study 3: Development of Land Cover Reference Systems
West African Land Cover Reference System
Tunisia Land Cover Reference System
3.2. An International Library Based on ISO Standards: Land Cover Legend Registry (LCLR)
3.3. A Tool Based on ISO Standards: Land Characterization System Software (LCHS)
3.4. Status of ISO 19144 Series
3.5. Synergies with Other ISO Standards: Enhancing Sustainability and Environmental Stewardship
3.5.1. Integration with ISO 14000 Series (Environmental Management)
3.5.2. Complementing ISO 37101 (Sustainable Development in Communities)
3.5.3. Enhancing ISO 14064 Series (Greenhouse Gas Accounting and Verification)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
1 | A classification/characterization of land describes the systematic framework with the names of the land cover or land use classes and the criteria used to distinguish them, and the relationship between classes. |
2 | Summarized from the Scope of ISO/TC 211 [6]. |
3 | https://www.iso.org/committee/54904.html (accessed on 24 July 2024). |
4 | https://committee.iso.org/sites/tc211/home/projects/projects---complete-list/iso-19144-4.html (accessed on 24 July 2024). |
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Stages | Description |
---|---|
Proposal stage | An ISO member state or liaison organization submits a NWIP. |
Preparatory stage | A project team develops a work draft document or a draft revision of an existing standard. |
Committee stage | The entire committee ballots the document and an Editing Committee under the management of the ISO/TC 211 Working Group debates the proposed revisions and instructs the editor to revise the document. The proposed standard may go through several versions at this stage before agreement is established. |
Enquiry stage | A ballot is issued to all participating and observing ISO member states for voting and liaison organizations for comment. Final comments are processed by the Editing Committee. In theory, all contentious issues should be resolved at this stage, but at times, some conflict may remain. |
Approval stage | A final ballot, without comments, is taken to approve the standard. |
Review stage | A periodic review takes place, typically every five years. |
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Mushtaq, F.; O’Brien, C.D.; Parslow, P.; Åhlin, M.; Di Gregorio, A.; Latham, J.S.; Henry, M. Land Cover and Land Use Ontology—Evolution of International Standards, Challenges, and Opportunities. Land 2024, 13, 1202. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081202
Mushtaq F, O’Brien CD, Parslow P, Åhlin M, Di Gregorio A, Latham JS, Henry M. Land Cover and Land Use Ontology—Evolution of International Standards, Challenges, and Opportunities. Land. 2024; 13(8):1202. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081202
Chicago/Turabian StyleMushtaq, Fatima, C. Douglas O’Brien, Peter Parslow, Mats Åhlin, Antonio Di Gregorio, John S. Latham, and Matieu Henry. 2024. "Land Cover and Land Use Ontology—Evolution of International Standards, Challenges, and Opportunities" Land 13, no. 8: 1202. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081202