Study on Wetland Evolution and Landscape Pattern Changes in the Shaanxi Section of the Loess Plateau in the Past 40 Years
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources and Preprocessing
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Wetland Dynamic Degree Model
2.3.2. Markov Transfer Matrix
2.3.3. Landscape Pattern Index
2.3.4. Centroid Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of Spatio-Temporal Variation in Wetland Area
3.1.1. Temporal Variation Analysis
3.1.2. Spatial Variation Analysis
3.2. Analysis of Dynamic Characteristics of Wetland Landscape
3.3. Analysis of Change Characteristics of Wetland Landscape Pattern
3.3.1. Variation Characteristics of Wetland Landscape Pattern at Type Level
3.3.2. Variation Characteristics of Wetland Landscape Pattern at Landscape Level
3.4. Analysis of Centroid Changes of Wetland Landscape Pattern
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wetland Type | Definition |
---|---|
Paddy field | It refers to cultivated land with guaranteed water resources and irrigation facilities, where water can be irrigated normally in general years to plant aquatic crops such as rice and lotus root, including cultivated land with the rotation of rice and dry land crops. |
River canal | It refers to naturally formed and artificially excavated rivers and the land below the perennial water level of the trunk. Artificial canals include embankments. |
Lake | It refers to land below the perennial water level in the naturally formed water area. |
Reservoir pothole | It refers to land below the perennial water level in the artificially constructed water storage area. |
Beach land | It refers to land between the water levels of rivers and lakes in the normal water period. |
Marsh | It refers to land with flat and low-lying terrain, poor drainage, long-term humidity, seasonal water accumulation or perennial water accumulation and the surface growth of hygrophytes. |
Landscape Index | Ecological Signification |
---|---|
CA | It shows how the landscape component size, especially used to reflect the number of landscapes composed of a certain patch type, affects the richness of species to a certain extent. |
PD | It is the basic index of landscape pattern analysis, which can not only reflect the number of patches per unit area but also reflect the uniformity of the spatial distribution of landscape patches and can also reflect the degree of landscape fragmentation. |
NP | This index is used to reflect the heterogeneity of the landscape and can represent the spatial pattern characteristics of the landscape. The value of the index is proportional to the fragmentation of the landscape. Generally speaking, the larger the number of patches, the more serious the fragmentation, and vice versa. |
LPI | It is one of the key indexes reflecting landscape heterogeneity. To a certain extent, it can help to determine the dominant landscape types in the landscape. A change in its value has a positive correlation with the intensity and frequency of human disturbance, and its change can also reflect the direction and intensity of human activities. |
LSI | This index measures the shape complexity by calculating the degree of deviation between the shape of a patch in the area and a circle or square of the same area. |
SHDI | This is a measurement index based on information theory that can reflect the heterogeneity of the landscape and is especially sensitive to the non-uniform distribution of each block type in the landscape. |
SHEI | This index is equal to the SHDI divided by the maximum possible diversity under a given landscape abundance (equal distribution of each patch type). |
PLAND | This index is the proportion of the total area of a certain patch type to the total landscape patch area, reflecting the composition of the landscape. To a certain extent, it can reflect the dominant landscape type in the landscape. |
CLUMPY | It reflects the aggregation and dispersion of patches in the landscape. |
CONTAG | This index describes the degree of agglomeration or the extension trends of different patch types in the landscape. It is one of the most important indexes to describe the landscape pattern. |
AREA-MN | It reflects the degree of fragmentation of the landscape. |
Period | Natural Wetland Area (km2) | Artificial Wetland Area (km2) | Total Wetland Area (km2) |
---|---|---|---|
1980 | 1175.90 | 776.21 | 1952.10 |
1990 | 1121.76 | 784.80 | 1906.56 |
2000 | 1092.33 | 787.77 | 1880.10 |
2010 | 1033.17 | 711.07 | 1744.24 |
2020 | 1095.40 | 777.35 | 1872.75 |
Period | Natural Wetland Area (km2) | Artificial Wetland Area (km2) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
River Canals | Beach Land | Lakes | Marshes | Total | Paddy Fields | Reservoir Potholes | Total | |
1980 | 662.20 | 455.61 | 28.39 | 29.70 | 1175.90 | 503.74 | 272.47 | 776.21 |
1990 | 585.12 | 475.80 | 28.72 | 32.12 | 1121.76 | 509.40 | 275.40 | 784.80 |
2000 | 565.76 | 472.29 | 30.77 | 23.50 | 1092.33 | 525.59 | 262.19 | 787.77 |
2010 | 498.28 | 488.16 | 22.145 | 24.58 | 1033.17 | 423.03 | 288.04 | 711.07 |
2020 | 552.70 | 491.30 | 23.86 | 27.54 | 1095.40 | 414.92 | 362.42 | 777.35 |
Wetland Type | 1980–1990 | 1990–2000 | 2000–2010 | 2010–2020 | 1980–2020 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variation | Rate | Variation | Rate | Variation | Rate | Variation | Rate | Variation | Rate | |
Paddy fields | 5.66 | 0.11% | 16.19 | 0.32% | −102.56 | −1.95% | −8.10 | −0.19% | −88.81 | −0.44% |
River canals | −77.08 | −1.16% | −19.36 | −0.33% | −67.49 | −1.19% | 54.42 | 1.09% | −109.51 | −0.41% |
Lakes | 0.33 | 0.12% | 2.06 | 0.72% | −8.62 | −2.80% | 1.70 | 0.77% | −4.53 | −0.40% |
Reservoir potholes | 2.93 | 0.11% | −13.22 | −0.48% | 25.85 | 0.99% | 74.38 | 2.58% | 89.95 | 0.83% |
Beach land | 20.20 | 0.44% | −3.52 | −0.07% | 15.87 | 0.34% | 3.14 | 0.06% | 35.70 | 0.20% |
Marshes | 2.42 | 0.81% | −8.62 | −2.68% | 1.08 | 0.46% | 2.96 | 1.21% | −2.16 | −0.18% |
Total wetlands | −45.54 | −0.23% | −26.46 | −0.14% | −135.86 | −0.72% | 128.50 | 0.74% | −79.35 | −0.10% |
Index | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NP (ind) | 2098 | 2114 | 2098 | 2063 | 2851 |
PD (ind/km2) | 1.07 | 1.11 | 1.12 | 1.18 | 1.52 |
LSI | 106.19 | 107.56 | 107.94 | 110.76 | 117.89 |
CONTAG (%) | 57.31 | 56.69 | 56.91 | 56.45 | 55.92 |
SHDI | 1.4559 | 1.473 | 1.4615 | 1.4708 | 1.4806 |
SHEI | 0.8126 | 0.8221 | 0.8157 | 0.8209 | 0.8263 |
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Xue, Z.; Wang, Y.; Huang, R.; Yao, L. Study on Wetland Evolution and Landscape Pattern Changes in the Shaanxi Section of the Loess Plateau in the Past 40 Years. Land 2024, 13, 1268. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081268
Xue Z, Wang Y, Huang R, Yao L. Study on Wetland Evolution and Landscape Pattern Changes in the Shaanxi Section of the Loess Plateau in the Past 40 Years. Land. 2024; 13(8):1268. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081268
Chicago/Turabian StyleXue, Zhaona, Yiyong Wang, Rong Huang, and Linjia Yao. 2024. "Study on Wetland Evolution and Landscape Pattern Changes in the Shaanxi Section of the Loess Plateau in the Past 40 Years" Land 13, no. 8: 1268. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081268