Assessing the Dynamics of Land Use/Land Cover Changes between 1974 and 2016: A Study Case of the Bustillos Basin Using Remote Sensing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Image Processing
2.4. Classification Accuracy
2.5. Change Analysis
3. Results
3.1. False-Color Images
3.2. Land Use Classification
3.3. Land Use Changes
3.4. Gains, Losses, and Exchanges of the Categories
4. Discussion
4.1. False-Color Composites and Classes Delimitation
4.2. Land Use Changes and Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | 1970 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2003 | 2010 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population | 66,856.00 | 85,589.00 | 112,589.00 | 124,378.00 | NA | 154,639.00 | 180,638.00 |
P.G.R. (%) | NA | 28.02 | 31.55 | 10.47 | NA | 24.33 | 16.81 |
Total Land Crop | 113,366.00 | NA | 113,400.00 | 267,800.00 | NA | 272,390.00 | NA |
Rainfed Agr. | 111,395.00 | NA | 77,432.00 | 67,767.00 | 67,005.00 | 64,156.77 | 73,517.00 |
Irrigation Agr. | 1737.60 | NA | 33,186.00 | 40,192.00 | 45,879.45 | 46,393.91 | 49,789.30 |
Planted area | 113,132.60 | NA | 110,618.00 | 107,959.00 | 112,844.45 | 110,550.00 | 123,306.30 |
Data | Date | % Cloud | Data Source | Spatial Resolution |
---|---|---|---|---|
Landsat MSS | November 1974 | 0 | Global Visualization Viewer (GloVis) from the USGS. https://glovis.usgs.gov | 30 m × 30 m |
Landsat OLI | October 2016 | 0 | GloVis from the USGS. https://glovis.usgs.gov | 30 m × 30 m |
Time 2 | Total Year 1 | Loss | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Category 1 | Category 2 | Category 3 | Category 4 | |||
Time 1 | ||||||
Category 1 | P11 | P12 | P13 | P14 | P1+ | P1 ± P11 |
Category 2 | P21 | P22 | P23 | P24 | P2+ | P2 ± P22 |
Category 3 | P31 | P32 | P33 | P34 | P3+ | P3 ± P33 |
Category 4 | P41 | P42 | P43 | P44 | P4+ | P4 ± P44 |
Total year 2 | P + 1 | P + 2 | P + 3 | P + 4 | 1 | |
Gain | P + 1 − P11 | P + 2 − P22 | P + 3 − P33 | P + 4 − P44 |
Loss (L) | Gain (Gj) | Exchange (Exc) | Net Change (NC) | Total Change (TC) |
---|---|---|---|---|
L1 ± L11 | L + 1−L11 | 2 × MIN (L,Gj) | TC − Exc | L + Gj or |
L2 ± L22 | L + 2−L22 | Exc + NC |
Year/Land Use | Classification Accuracy | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Producer’s Accuracy (%) | User’s Accuracy (%) | Overall Accuracy (%) | Cohen’s Kappa | |
1974 | 92 | 0.90 | ||
Urban Area | 89 | 88 | ||
Agricultura Areas | 93 | 92 | ||
Grassland | 92 | 91 | ||
Oak–Pine Forest | 91 | 91 | ||
Pine Forest | 92 | 91 | ||
Water Body | 95 | 94 | ||
2016 | 94 | 0.92 | ||
Urban Area | 90 | 90 | ||
Agricultura Areas | 94 | 93 | ||
Grassland | 93 | 93 | ||
Oak–Pine Forest | 90 | 89 | ||
Pine Forest | 91 | 90 | ||
Water Body | 96 | 96 |
Land Use | 1974 | 2016 | Difference 2016–1974 |
---|---|---|---|
Urban Area | 141.86 | 7993.34 | 7851.48 |
Agricultura Areas | 153,585.11 | 176,162.82 | 22,577.71 |
Grassland | 27,883.86 | 6893.24 | −20,990.62 |
Oak–Pine Forest | 112,216.05 | 103,607.49 | −8608.56 |
Pine Forest | 20,488.44 | 19,901.74 | −586.7 |
Water Body | 12,851.91 | 12,623.89 | −228.02 |
Total | 327,167.23 | 327,182.52 |
UA | AA | GA | OPF | PF | WB | TOTAL | LOSS | |
UA | 141.86 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 141.86 | 0.00 |
AA | 5756.41 | 147,827.34 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 153,583.75 | 5756.41 |
GA | 1938.55 | 194,46.73 | 6498.42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27,883.70 | 21,385.28 |
OPF | 156.52 | 8598.85 | 394.67 | 103,063.34 | 0 | 0 | 112,213.37 | 9150.03 |
PF | 0 | 60.64 | 0 | 526.05 | 19,900.47 | 0 | 20,487.1624 | 586.69 |
WB | 0 | 228.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12,623.85 | 12,851.87 | 228.02 |
TOTAL | 7993.34 | 176,161.5691 | 6893.08752 | 103,589.386 | 19,900.4732 | 12,623.853 | ||
GAIN | 7851.48 | 28,334.23 | 394.67 | 526.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Dynamics of Changes | Type of Change | Area |
---|---|---|
Persistence of urban areas | Anthropic persistence | 141.86 |
Agricultural land to urban areas | Urbanization | 5756.41 |
Grasslands to urban areas | Urbanization | 1938.55 |
Oak–pine Forest to urban areas | Urbanization | 156.52 |
Persistence of agricultural areas | Permanence | 147,827.34 |
Grasslands to agricultural lands | Deforestation | 19,446.73 |
Oak–pine Forest to agricultural lands | Deforestation | 8598.85 |
Pine forest to agricultural lands | Deforestation | 60.64 |
Water bodies to agricultural lands | Others | 228.02 |
Grasslands persistence | Natural persistence | 6498.42 |
Oak–pine Forest to grasslands | Degradation | 394.67 |
Oak–pine Forest persistence | Natural persistence | 103,063.34 |
Pine forest to oak–pine forest | Degradation | 526.05 |
Pine forest persistence | Natural persistence | 19,900.47 |
Water bodies | Natural persistence | 12,623.85 |
Gains | Losses | Exchanges | Net Change | Total Change | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban Areas | 7851.48 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7851.48 | 7851.48 |
Agricultural Areas | 28,334.23 | 5756.41 | 11,512.82 | 22,577.82 | 34,090.64 |
Grasslands | 394.67 | 21,385.28 | 789.33 | 20,990.61 | 21,779.94 |
Oak–pine Forest | 526.05 | 9150.03 | 1052.10 | 8623.98 | 9676.08 |
Pine forest | 0.00 | 586.69 | 0.00 | 586.69 | 586.69 |
Water bodies | 0.00 | 228.02 | 0.00 | 228.02 | 228.02 |
Total | 37,106.42 | 37,106.42 | 13,354.24 | 60,858.60 | 74,212.85 |
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Valencia-Gaspar, S.; Mejía-Leyva, F.; Valles-Aragón, M.C.; Martinez-Salvador, M.; Hernández-Quiroz, N.S.; Nevarez-Rodríguez, M.C.; López-Serrano, P.M.; Vázquez-Quintero, G. Assessing the Dynamics of Land Use/Land Cover Changes between 1974 and 2016: A Study Case of the Bustillos Basin Using Remote Sensing. Land 2024, 13, 1320. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081320
Valencia-Gaspar S, Mejía-Leyva F, Valles-Aragón MC, Martinez-Salvador M, Hernández-Quiroz NS, Nevarez-Rodríguez MC, López-Serrano PM, Vázquez-Quintero G. Assessing the Dynamics of Land Use/Land Cover Changes between 1974 and 2016: A Study Case of the Bustillos Basin Using Remote Sensing. Land. 2024; 13(8):1320. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081320
Chicago/Turabian StyleValencia-Gaspar, Saúl, Fernanda Mejía-Leyva, María C. Valles-Aragón, Martin Martinez-Salvador, Nathalie S. Hernández-Quiroz, Myrna C. Nevarez-Rodríguez, Pablito M. López-Serrano, and Griselda Vázquez-Quintero. 2024. "Assessing the Dynamics of Land Use/Land Cover Changes between 1974 and 2016: A Study Case of the Bustillos Basin Using Remote Sensing" Land 13, no. 8: 1320. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081320