Review of Modeling Approaches at the Freshwater and Saltwater interface in Coastal Aquifers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Natural Drivers
3.2. Anthropogenic Drivers
3.3. Saltwater Intrusion
3.4. Approaches and Models
3.5. Numerical Approaches
3.5.1. FEFLOW
3.5.2. SUTRA
3.5.3. MODFLOW
3.5.4. SEAWAT
3.5.5. Limitations and Assumptions of Numerical Modeling Approaches
3.6. Geophysical Approach
3.6.1. Wells and Point Source Data
3.6.2. Electrical Resistivity Tomography
3.6.3. Vertical Electrical Sounding
3.6.4. Ground Penetrating Radar
3.6.5. Limitations and Assumptions of Geophysical Approaches
3.7. Combined Approach (Numerical and Geophysical)
3.8. Experimental and Lab-Based Approach
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Keywords | Time Range | Number of Documents |
---|---|---|
“Coastal aquifer” | 1953–2023 | 4468 |
“Coastal aquifer” and “model” | 1953–2023 | 2012 |
“Coastal aquifer” and “groundwater” and “model” | 1970–2023 | 1679 |
“Coastal aquifer” and “groundwater” and “model” and “saltwater intrusion” | 1973–2023 | 345 |
Authors | Year | Approach | Code | Location | Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[68] | 2021 | Numerical | SEAWAT | Spain | Fresh and saltwater do not exchange temperatures due to a barrier in the aquifer |
[11] | 2021 | Numerical | SEAWAT | Morocco | Identified the impact of climate change, over-pumping, and SLR on coastal aquifers |
[65] | 2021 | Numerical | MODFLOW-USG | - | Evaluated the use of MODFLOW-USG to simulate groundwater flow and transport in karst aquifers |
[13] | 1987 | Numerical | FINITE ELEMENT | - | Improved 3D finite element modeling to alleviate computation burden for simulating saltwater intrusion |
[69] | 2017 | Numerical | FEFLOW | Malaysia | Assessed the impact of high demand on groundwater on SWI in coastal aquifers |
[70] | 2013 | Numerical and Experimental | SEAWAT | - | Investigated the mixing-zone profile in homogeneous and stratified aquifers |
[71] | 2007 | Numerical | MODFLOW | RI, USA | Assessed groundwater average fluxes into salt ponds and coastal areas in southern Rhode Island, USA |
[19] | 2004 | Numerical | SEAWAT | MA, USA | Investigated the impact of groundwater pumping and SLR on the lower Cape Cod aquifer system. |
[16] | 2010 | Numerical | SEAWAT | VA, USA | Highlighted the capability of a 3D SWI model to accurately forecast future encroachment of saltwater at specific well sites. |
[72] | 2009 | Numerical and Experimental | SUTRA | - | Successfully mapped and characterized the extent of the mixing between freshwater and saltwater in a laboratory-scale |
[73] | 2013 | Numerical and Experimental | SEAWAT | - | Were the first to investigate contaminant transport and flow dynamics within the saltwater wedge |
[74] | 2019 | Numerical and Experimental | MODFLOW SEAWAT | - | Investigated the effects of sea level fluctuation, groundwater pumping, and freshwater recharge on SWI |
[75] | 2016 | Numerical | SUTRA | - | Assessed the impacts of SLR and groundwater abstraction on seawater intrusion |
[76] | 2015 | Numerical | MODFLOW SEAWAT | - | Simulated saltwater sharp interface, which was found to be less complex and more computationally efficient. |
[77] | 2018 | Numerical | MODFLOW SEAWAT | Iran | Carried out an integrated assessment of the long-term effect of climate change, SLR, and urbanization on coastal groundwater systems |
[78] | 2016 | Numerical | SEAWAT | FL, USA | Assessed the impact of climate under various scenarios of SLR on groundwater in shallow coastal aquifers |
Contributor | Year | Approach | Location | Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|
[104] | 2013 | Review | - | Review of saltwater intrusion literature as an issue and current methods to research. Offers direction for future research. |
[105] | 2013 | Geophysical | University of Technology Camp/Iraq—Baghdad | Compared Wenner, dipole–dipole, and Wenner–Schlumberger arrays to characterize subsurface structures in Baghdad. Found Wenner–Schlumberger to have greatest success. |
[106] | 2016 | Geophysical | Thermaikos Gulf, Greece | ERT was helpful in filling gaps in geochemical analysis of a coastal aquifer, finding an affected area with high Cl− concentrations and offering valuable insights for studying similar rarities in other regions. |
[107] | 2019 | Geophysical | Lower Bari Doab, Punjab, Pakistan | ERT + VES may reduce the need for boreholes to obtain data on the interface between the fresh and saltwater. |
[108] | 2004 | Geophysical | Baeksu-eup, Youngkwang-gun, Korea | Coupling electrical sounding, drilling, and well logging proved valuable for quantifying seawater intrusion and enhancing overall use of geophysical data. |
[109] | 2013 | Geophysical | Borkum Island, Germany | Use of GPR to collect high-resolution information about the groundwater table, sediment stratigraphy, and hydraulic properties complemented existing data from monitoring wells used in simulations. |
[110] | 2022 | Geophysical | Neyveli Basin, Tamil Nadu, India | Used VES to identify potential areas of groundwater based on transverse resistance, longitudinal conductance, and longitudinal resistivity. |
[111] | 2018 | Geophysical | Nagapattinam and Karaikal, South India | VES employed to isolate layers of saline intrusion in coastal aquifers. |
[112] | 2006 | Geophysical | Bells Creek, Brisbane Australia | Use of GPR to construct the architecture of an aquifer. |
[113] | 2002 | Geophysical | Frederick, Maryland | Compared and contrasted three different electrode arrays to characterize karst terrane. Dipole–dipole method worked best to keep costs low and accuracy high. |
Contributor | Year | Approach | Code | Location | Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[49] | 2017 | Numerical, Geophysical | SEAWAT | Dutch Coast, the Sand Engine area, Netherlands | Time-lapse ERT proved successful in monitoring rapid changes in coastal environments, while coupling with a model showed accuracy in predicting storm surge and tidal outcomes. |
[50] | 2007 | Numerical, Geophysical | Princeton Transport Code (PTC) | Heraklion in Crete, Greece | Successfully simulated groundwater flow using a 3D finite element–finite difference model established from the Princeton Transport Code (PTC) and produced the hydraulic head distribution over the entire interest area, compared to ERT surveys. |
[51] | 2019 | Numerical, Geophysical, Geochemical | SEAWAT | Coast of Wadden Sea, Danish–German border | AEM and SEAWAT simulated saltwater intrusion were found to be very similar in results, proving the success of using each to validate. |
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Ismail, M.; Pradhanang, S.M.; Boving, T.; Motta, S.; McCarron, B.; Volk, A. Review of Modeling Approaches at the Freshwater and Saltwater interface in Coastal Aquifers. Land 2024, 13, 1332. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081332
Ismail M, Pradhanang SM, Boving T, Motta S, McCarron B, Volk A. Review of Modeling Approaches at the Freshwater and Saltwater interface in Coastal Aquifers. Land. 2024; 13(8):1332. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081332
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsmail, Mamoon, Soni M. Pradhanang, Thomas Boving, Sophia Motta, Brendan McCarron, and Ashley Volk. 2024. "Review of Modeling Approaches at the Freshwater and Saltwater interface in Coastal Aquifers" Land 13, no. 8: 1332. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081332