Identifying Legal, BIM Data and Visualization Requirements to Form Legal Spaces and Developing a Web-Based 3D Cadastre Prototype: A Case Study of Condominium Building
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. 3D Cadastre Related Legislation and Project in Türkiye
2.1. Condominium Unit and 3D Cadastre-Related Legislation
2.2. The Production of 3D City Models and Creation of 3D Cadastral Bases Project
3. Legal, BIM Data and Visualization Requirements for 3D Cadastre in Türkiye
3.1. Legal Requirements
- the inner face of walls should be used when drawing the legal boundaries (spaces) of a condominium unit or an accessory part of a condominium unit.
- if a space in a condominium building is not designated as a condominium unit or an accessory part, then it should be considered a common space.
- all the walls outside a condominium unit, all main walls and the walls separating the condominium units should be considered common spaces
- common spaces include, but are not limited to,
- ○
- all the structural components (e.g., foundations, main walls, beams, columns, bearing walls forming the load-bearing system, other elements forming part of the load-bearing system, walls separating condominium units, ceilings, floors; roofs, chimneys, common roof terraces, rain gutters and fire escapes);
- ○
- joint facilities (e.g., courtyards, entrance doors, entrances, stairs; elevators, landings, corridors, caretaker’s rooms, laundry rooms, laundry drying rooms; coal cellars, common garages);
- ○
- installations outside the condominium units (e.g., slots and closed installations for the protection of electricity, water and gas meters; heating rooms, wells, cisterns, common water tanks, shelters, sewers, rubbish chutes; heating, water, gas and electricity installations; common networks and aerials for telephone, radio and television; hot and cold air installations);
- accessory parts (e.g., parking space, cellar) that are indicated in the architectural drawings and/or the condominium deed should be considered as accessory parts.
- all of the above requirements should be supported by architectural drawings, building survey projects, building layout plans and condominium unit plans in order to support as-built BIM-based 3D cadastre.
3.2. BIM Data Requirements
- All space-bounding physical objects, such as the structural components, including load-bearing walls, floors, and columns, as well as the architectural features, such as the roof, and non-load-bearing walls, should be represented with their true (scaled) dimensions as specified in the architectural drawing.
- The representation of all walls should include their functions, particularly whether or not they are main walls (e.g., exterior) and/or load-bearing.
- Space-bounding physical objects should not overlap.
- Spaces should be delineated by the interior boundary faces of the abovementioned space-bounding physical objects. If the spaces are not related to a physical object, then virtual boundaries should be specified.
- It may be beneficial to annotate rooms with the type of use indicated by the architectural drawing in order to provide users with further information regarding the 3D spaces.
- It is recommended that the spaces be grouped according to the condominium units to which they belong.
- All physical objects and spaces, including those extending from the lowest to the highest points of the building, should be separated and associated with the relevant storeys (levels).
- The elevations of the storeys should be stated.
3.3. Visualization Requirements
- the parcel on which the condominium building is built should be identified. Annotations and attributes (e.g., identifier, area and so on) on the parcel should be included;
- the georeferenced condominium building should be identified. Annotations and attributes (e.g., identifier, area and so on) on the condominium buildings should be included;
- the private (main part) space of the condominium unit should be identified. This can be carried out by grouping each part (e.g., rooms) of the private space into one space. It should be noted that the rooms have no legal significance [68]. On the other hand, by grouping all rooms into one space, the legal space of the condominium unit can be created;
- the common spaces should be identified. Annotations and attributes (e.g., identifier, area and so on) on the common spaces should be included. Grouping all common spaces into one may help users to better understand these spaces;
- the accessory parts should be identified. Annotations and attributes (e.g., identifier, area and so on) on the accessory parts should be included;
- the condominium unit and the accessory part(s) should be associated (grouped) for a better understanding of the private ownership spaces together;
- spaces above and below ground should be identified;
- all spaces in condominium buildings should be topologically consistent;
- the legal spaces should be visually distinguished from the physical objects in 3D;
- having the option to visualize both the legal space of condominium buildings and physical building objects in the same prototype system can further support effective visualization and dissemination.
4. Case Study to Form Legal Spaces and Develop a Web-Based 3D Cadastre Prototype
4.1. Preparation of the Data—Depicting Physical Objects and Basis of Legal Spaces
4.2. Producing Legal Spaces and Geovisualization
4.3. Web-Based 3D Cadastre Prototype for Geovisualization
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
1 | According to the OGC’s LandInfra/InfraGML (OGC, 2016), the term ‘condominium building’ is defined as “a Building containing CondominiumUnits and therefore subject to a single CondominiumScheme which may comprise more buildings” and the term ‘condominium unit’ defined as “a concurrent ownership of real property that has been divided into private and common portions” [13]. |
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GDLRC-CityGML Objects | CityGML Schema | CityGML Class | Semantics (Related Class) | Definitions of GDLRC-CityGML Types |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fotogrametrik Bina (Photogrammetric Building) | building | Building | genericAttributes (Building) | Buildings identified by the photogrammetry operator using orthophoto maps, land model, cadastral parcel/structure, address register, building services and, if available, architectural drawings associated with the parcel. |
Mimari Bina (Architectural Building) | building | Building | genericAttributes (Building) | It represents digital buildings generated from architectural projects. In the architectural building, the block number, entrance number, floor number and condominium unit number are taken from the architectural project. Boundaries of the outer walls should be used in the digitization. |
Bina (Building) | building | Building | genericAttributes | - |
Kat (Floor) | core | CityObjectGroup | genericAttributes (cityObjectGroup) | It is the type that collects geometric and semantic information about floors of 3D building models created by digitizing the architectural project. Boundaries of the outer walls used in the digitization of the floor plan. When digitizing each floor from architectural drawings, the boundaries of the exterior walls are used. When drawing the outer boundary of the floor, details such as projections and recesses that do not affect the condominium units and remain below 50 cm are not shown. |
Bağımsız Bölüm (Condominium Unit) | generics | GenericCityObject | genericAttributes (GenericCityObject) | It is the type that collects geometric and semantic information about condominium units of 3D building models created by digitizing the architectural project. When digitizing condominium units, the boundaries of the exterior walls are used. |
Bağımsız Bölüm Kısım (Condominium Unit Part) | building | Building/interiorRoom | genericAttributes (Room) | This type is used to collect the features of the condominium units of the 3D building models to be produced by the digitization of the architectural project, such as rooms, living rooms and bathrooms. The interior walls of the rooms are used when digitizing the floor plans. The floor area of each part is taken from floor plans of architectural drawings. If the floor area indicated in the floor plan of the architectural drawings and the measured floor area from the digitized floor plan differ by more than 10%, the measured area is used, stating the reason. |
Ortak Alan İç Yapı (Common Space Inside Condominium Unit) | building | Building/roomInstallation | genericAttributes (intBuildingInstallation) | It represents the types of structures that cannot be physically separated from the rooms within the condominium unit, such as columns and stairs. |
Ortak Alanlar (Common Spaces) | building | Building/interiorRoom | genericAttributes (Room) | It is the type that represents common spaces in buildings such as car parks, heating centers, electrical centers, cellars, water tanks and shelters. The interior walls of the common spaces are used when digitizing the floor plans. Non-qualified common areas (e.g., stairs, ventilation, main entrance, elevator) that are adjacent to each other are digitized as a single area. |
Balkon (Balcony) and Teras (Terrace) | building | Building/OutherBuildingInstallation | genericAttributes (BuildingInstallation) | This is the type that shows the floor and the side walls of the balcony and the terraces. The external wall boundary and the wall thickness of the balcony should be taken into account in the digitization process. |
Kapı (Door) | building | Opening/Door | - | It is the type that shows openings used by people to enter buildings or rooms. |
Pencere (Window) | building | Opening/Window | - | It is the type used to represent openings that open outwards or between two parts. |
Çatı (Roof) | building | Building/RoofSurface | - | It represents the type created by drawing the outer boundaries of the roof plan in the architectural drawings. It is combined with roof types obtained by the photogrammetric method. |
Bina Duvar (Building Wall) | building | Building/ WallSurface OuterFloorSurface InteriorWallSurface | - | It represents the wall type of the buildings. |
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Ilgar, A.; Kara, A.; Çağdaş, V. Identifying Legal, BIM Data and Visualization Requirements to Form Legal Spaces and Developing a Web-Based 3D Cadastre Prototype: A Case Study of Condominium Building. Land 2024, 13, 1380. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091380
Ilgar A, Kara A, Çağdaş V. Identifying Legal, BIM Data and Visualization Requirements to Form Legal Spaces and Developing a Web-Based 3D Cadastre Prototype: A Case Study of Condominium Building. Land. 2024; 13(9):1380. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091380
Chicago/Turabian StyleIlgar, Azer, Abdullah Kara, and Volkan Çağdaş. 2024. "Identifying Legal, BIM Data and Visualization Requirements to Form Legal Spaces and Developing a Web-Based 3D Cadastre Prototype: A Case Study of Condominium Building" Land 13, no. 9: 1380. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091380