The Impacts of Mining Industries on Land Tenure in Ghana: A Comprehensive Systematic Literature Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Keyword Combination
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Literature Screening and Selection
2.4. Data Analysis
2.5. Limitation
3. Results
3.1. Legal and Regulatory Framework
- (1)
- The compensation to which an owner or lawful occupier may be entitled may include compensation for
- (a)
- Deprivation of the use or a particular use of the natural surface of the land or part of the land;
- (b)
- Loss of or damage to immovable properties;
- (c)
- In the case of land under cultivation, the loss of earnings or sustenance suffered by the owner or lawful occupier, having due regard to the nature of their interest in the land;
- (d)
- The loss of expected income, depending on the nature of crops on the land and their life expectancy.
Regulation 3 provides the compensation principles [31], which state that - (2)
- To assess the compensation which a claimant is entitled to, the following principles shall be considered:
- (a)
- In respect of crops,
- (i)
- The loss of expected income, which depends on the nature of crops and their life expectancy;
- (ii)
- The loss of earnings or sustenance suffered by the farmer under any customary tenancy or any other interest the farmer may have in the land;
- (iii)
- Any other disturbance suffered as a result of the grant of the mineral right.
- (b)
- In respect of the deprivation of the use or a particular use of the natural surface of land,
- (i)
- The disruption of the socio-economic activities of the claimant;
- (ii)
- The change or conversion of the use of the land after mine closure;
- (iii)
- The duration of the mining lease;
- (iv)
- The diminution of the value of the land as a result of the diminution of the use made of or which may be made of the land;
- (v)
- The severance of any part of the land from other parts;
- (vi)
- Any surface rights or access.
- (c)
- In respect of commercial structures which affect a business,
- (i)
- The cost of re-establishing commercial activities elsewhere in a similar locality;
- (ii)
- The loss of net income during the period of transition;
- (iii)
- The costs of the transfer and reinstallation of plants, machinery, or equipment.
- (d)
- In respect of immovable property, where there is a loss or damage, the payment of compensation is based on the full replacement cost.
3.2. Changes in Land Ownership
3.3. Environmental Consequences
3.3.1. Health
3.3.2. Water Pollution
3.3.3. Air and Noise Pollution
3.3.4. Vegetation
3.3.5. Destruction of Farmlands
3.4. Socio-Economic Impacts
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Legislation | Impact on Tenure Security and Mining |
---|---|---|
1876 | Public Land Ordinance | Established British control over land by taking ‘unoccupied or wastelands’ |
1894 | Crown Land Bill | Consolidated crown land ownership and vested mineral resources in the Crown |
1897 | Land Bill | The bill discarded the automatic acknowledgement of people’s land ownership, replacing it with settlers’ rights, which could be upgraded to absolute rights through the governor’s issuance of a land certificate |
1900 | Land Ordinance | The ordinance streamlined the process of obtaining land concessions by engaging in negotiations with local chiefs, thereby ensuring landholders’ title security |
1939 | Land Ordinance (Amended) | Similar to the 1900 ordinance but gave concession courts and the governor the ability to adjust the terms of contracts |
1962 | Land Concession Act | Cease the application of the concession ordinance to stool lands while maintaining existing concessions |
1962 | Administration of Lands Act (Act 123) | Grants the President the authority to designate any stool land as public property, vested in him as a trustee through an executive instrument, empowering him to act a trustee for the designated land |
1962 | State Lands Act (Act 125) | Provides authority for the acquisition of land in the interest of the nation |
1962 | Minerals Act 1962 | Vest all minerals in the President on behalf of the people of Ghana |
1986 | Mineral and Mining Law (PNDCL 153) | Provided conducive environment for foreign investment in the mining sector |
1994 | Mineral and Mining (Amendment) Act | Revised mining regulations |
2005 | Mineral and Mining Bill | Paved the way for the 2006 Act |
2006 | Mineral and Mining Act (Act 703) | Principal law regulating the mining industry |
2012 | Minerals and Mining (Compensation and Resettlement) Regulations (LI 2175) | Established compensation principles for land acquisition |
2015 | Mineral and Mining (Amendment) Act | Updated mining regulations |
2016 | Minerals Development Fund Act (Act 912) | Created fund for mineral development |
2018 | Minerals Income Investment Fund Act (Act 947) | Established fund for managing mineral income |
2020 | Lands Act 2020 (Act 1036) | Replaced earlier land acts, modernized the land tenure system |
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Adjei, B.; Tudzi, E.P.; Owusu-Ansah, A.; Kidido, J.K.; Durán-Díaz, P. The Impacts of Mining Industries on Land Tenure in Ghana: A Comprehensive Systematic Literature Review. Land 2024, 13, 1386. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091386
Adjei B, Tudzi EP, Owusu-Ansah A, Kidido JK, Durán-Díaz P. The Impacts of Mining Industries on Land Tenure in Ghana: A Comprehensive Systematic Literature Review. Land. 2024; 13(9):1386. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091386
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdjei, Bridget, Eric Paul Tudzi, Anthony Owusu-Ansah, Joseph Kwaku Kidido, and Pamela Durán-Díaz. 2024. "The Impacts of Mining Industries on Land Tenure in Ghana: A Comprehensive Systematic Literature Review" Land 13, no. 9: 1386. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091386