Photovoltaic Solar Farms Site Selection through “Policy Constraints–Construction Suitability”: A Case Study of Qilian County, Qinghai
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Framework
2.2. Data Source and Processing
2.3. Study Area
2.4. Identification of Unsuitable Area Based on Policy Constraints
Department Issuing the Policy | Description of the Information | Restricted Land Types |
---|---|---|
Office of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Office of the Forestry and Grassland Agency, General Division of the Energy Agency, 2023 [54] | New construction and expansion of photovoltaic power generation projects shall not occupy permanent basic farmland, basic grassland, or I-level protected forest land. | Permanent basic farmland, basic grassland, I-level protected forest land. |
Qinghai Provincial Energy Bureau, Qinghai Provincial Department of Natural Resources, 2023 [55] | Occupying permanent basic farmland, ecological conservation red lines, and other areas where development and construction activities are explicitly prohibited by national laws and regulations is strictly prohibited. | Permanent basic farmland, ecological conservation red lines. |
The People’s Republic of China, 2023 [56] | Consolidate the ecological functions of the Qilian Mountain glacier and water conservation ecological function area and other national key ecological function areas such as water conservation and biodiversity protection. | Protected areas. |
Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China, 2022 [57] | Photovoltaic power plants and wind power projects are not allowed to be built in rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. | Water area. |
Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China, 2022 [58] | Utilize wasteland and unused land as much as possible, occupy little or no cultivated land or forest land, and avoid special protection areas as much as possible. | Cultivated land, forest land, special protected areas. |
Ministry of Natural Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, 2021 [59] | Permanent basic farmland shall not be converted into other land such as forest land, grassland, garden land, and the construction of agricultural facilities. | Permanent basic farmland. |
State Forestry and Grassland Administration, 2020 [60] | Except for construction projects approved and agreed to by the State Council, provincial people’s governments, and their relevant departments, basic grasslands may not be occupied. | Basic grassland. |
2.5. Construction Suitability Evaluation
2.5.1. The Evaluation Criteria Definition
- (1)
- Topography
- (2)
- Climate
- (3)
- Location
- (4)
- Ecology
Evaluation Criteria | Evaluation Indicators | Indicator Type | Weight | 20 | 40 | 60 | 80 | 100 | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Topography | Slope (°) | − | 0.147 | >25 | 15~25 | 8~15 | 3~8 | <3 | [31] |
Aspect | / | 0.135 | North | Northwest, Northeast | East, west | Southeast, Southeast | Horizontal and South | [43,61] | |
Climate | GHI (kWh/m2) | + | 0.127 | <1400 | 1400~1500 | 1500~1600 | 1600~1700 | ≥1700 | [35] |
SSD (h) | + | 0.087 | <2200 | 2200~3000 | 3000~3200 | 3200~3300 | >3300 | [49] | |
Wind speed (WS) (m/s) | + | 0.070 | <2 | 2~3 | 3~4 | 4~5 | >5 | [62] | |
Location | Proximity to roads (PTR) (km) | − | 0.070 | >5 | 3~5 | 1~3 | 0.1~1 | <0.1 | [46,64] |
Proximity to settlements (PTS) (km) | − | 0.067 | >10 | 5~10 | 3~5 | 1~3 | <1 | [25] | |
Proximity to potential geohazard sites (PTPGS) (km) | + | 0.101 | <2 | 2~3 | 3~5 | 5~8 | >8 | / | |
Ecology | Proximity to ecological sources (PTES) (km) | + | 0.088 | <2 | 2~3 | 3~5 | 5~8 | >8 | / |
Proximity to ecological corridor (PTEC) (km) | + | 0.108 | <1 | 1~2 | 2~4 | 4~6 | >6 | / |
2.5.2. Suitability Evaluation
2.6. Models Design towards the Photovoltaic Land Use
3. Results
3.1. Identification of Unsuitable Area
3.2. Evaluation Results of Construction Suitability
3.2.1. Spatial Distribution of Evaluation Indicators
3.2.2. Spatial Distribution of Construction Suitability
3.3. Typical Models of the Photovoltaic Land Use
- (1)
- PV + pastoralism model in the plain pasture areas of Yanglong and Mole.
- (2)
- PV + mine rehabilitation model in coal mining subsidence areas of Yanglong, Mole, and Yeniugou.
- (3)
- PV + hydropower model in the moderately suitable areas in Ebao and Arou.
4. Discussion
4.1. Research Innovation under Policy Constraints
4.2. Feasibility of the Evaluation Model and the Designed Typical Models
4.3. Limitations and Prospects for Further Research
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Method | Criteria | Location | Scale |
---|---|---|---|
AHP [26] | Solar irradiation, average temperature, slope, land aspects, dis. to urban areas, highways, power lines | Saudi Arabia | National |
AHP [25] | GHI, slope, dis. to residential, road, railway network, electricity grid, waterways, dams, groundwater | Eastern Morocco | Regional |
Fuzzy AHP, PROMETHEE II [44] | GHI, average temperature, precipitation, air pressure, surface albedo, relative humidity, slope, aspect, dis. to transmission grids, power lines, highways, major cities | Saudi Arabia | National |
AHP [24] | Direct normal irradiation, dis. to roads, railways, high population density, electricity grid, waterways and damps, slope, slope orientation | Algeria | National |
Fuzzy Boolean logic [45] | GHI, mean annual temperature, precipitation, average annual precipitation, slope, aspect, faults, elevation, rivers and lakes, road network, electric power transmission lines | Eastern Iran | Regional |
AHP [46] | Solar irradiance, slope, slope orientation, land use, dis. to urban areas, roads, transmission lines | Peru | National |
Fuzzy best–worst method [47] | GHI, slope, land use, wind, temperature, dis. to urban areas, rural areas, historical areas, main roads, power lines, faults, protected areas, surface water | Guilan province, Iran | Regional |
Fuzzy–Boolean logic and AHP [48] | Annual horizontal solar irradiance, sunshine hours, air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, slope, orientation, altitude, land use, dis. to roads, transmission lines, substations, urban areas, and villages | Khuzestan province, Iran | Regional |
Dataset | Year | Type | Resolution | Data Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Global Horizontal Irradiance | 2020 | Grid | 1 km | Solar GIS Database (https://solargis.com/maps-and-gis-data/download/china, accessed on 2 August 2023). |
Sunshine duration | 2020 | Grid | 1 km | Resource and Environment Science and Data Center (http://www.resdc.cn, accessed on 5 August 2023). |
Wind speed | 2023 | Grid | 0.0025° | Global Wind Atlas (https://globalwindatlas.info/zh, accessed on 8 August 2023). |
DEM | - | Grid | 30 m | NASA Earth Science Data Network (https://nasadaacs.eos.nasa.gov/, accessed on 11 August 2023). |
Land use | 2020 | Grid | 30 m | Resource and Environment Science and Data Center (http://www.resdc.cn, accessed on 16 August 2023). |
Roads | 2021 | Vector | - | National Catalogue Service for Geographic Information (https://www.webmap.cn/main.do?method=index, accessed on 22 August 2023). |
Potential geohazard sites | 2010 | Vector | - | GLOBAL DISASTER DATA PLATFORM (https://www.gddat.cn, accessed on 5 September 2023). |
Protect areas | 2021 | Vector | - | National Catalogue Service for Geographic Information (https://www.webmap.cn/main.do?method=index, accessed on 12 September 2023). |
Rivers | 2021 | Vector | - | National Catalogue Service for Geographic Information (https://www.webmap.cn/main.do?method=index, accessed on 17 September 2023). |
Department Issuing the Policy | Supported PV Development Models |
---|---|
National Development and Reform Commission, 2022 [67] | Wind solar complementary, livestock PV complementary, PV hydropower complementary. |
General Office of the State Council of China, 2022 [5] | Support the development of renewable energy projects in coal mining subsidence areas. |
Qinghai Province, 2022 [68] | Advocates for the establishment of integrated projects promoting multi-energy synergy and amalgamated energy storage with grid integration in Qilian. |
National Energy Administration, 2021 [69] | Renewable energy + ecological restoration and mine management, forest PV complementary, and pastoral PV complementary. |
National Development and Reform Commission, 2021 [70] | PV hydropower complementary, livestock PV complementary, plantation PV complementary. |
Qilian County government, 2021 [71] | In the next five years, the construction of Babao 330 kV and Arou 110 kV voltage grade power lines is proposed to help deliver renewable energy. |
Qinghai Province, 2021 [72] | Promote the photovoltaic sand control model in Qinghai according to local conditions. |
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Chai, S.; Kong, F.; Liu, Y.; Liang, M.; Liu, Q. Photovoltaic Solar Farms Site Selection through “Policy Constraints–Construction Suitability”: A Case Study of Qilian County, Qinghai. Land 2024, 13, 1420. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091420
Chai S, Kong F, Liu Y, Liang M, Liu Q. Photovoltaic Solar Farms Site Selection through “Policy Constraints–Construction Suitability”: A Case Study of Qilian County, Qinghai. Land. 2024; 13(9):1420. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091420
Chicago/Turabian StyleChai, Shasha, Fanjie Kong, Yu Liu, Mengyin Liang, and Quanfeng Liu. 2024. "Photovoltaic Solar Farms Site Selection through “Policy Constraints–Construction Suitability”: A Case Study of Qilian County, Qinghai" Land 13, no. 9: 1420. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091420