The Integrated Analysis of Territorial Transformations in Inland Areas of Italy: The Link between Natural, Social, and Economic Capitals Using the Ecosystem Service Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Territorial Socio-Economic Transformations and Ecosystem Service Balance
1.3. The Research Objective
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Analysis of the LULC Changes in SNAI Areas from 1990 to 2018 through Permanence and Transition Categories (Step 1)
2.3. Evaluation of ES Balance Variation by LULC Changes in Italian SNAI Areas (Step 2)
2.4. Economic Evaluation of the ES Supply in SNAI Areas (Step 3)
2.5. Analysis of Territorial Socio-Economic Transformations (Step 4)
3. Results
3.1. Main LULC Changes in SNAI Areas
3.2. Qualitative ES Balance Potential Variation
3.3. Economic Evaluation of the ES Supply
3.4. Analysis of Socio-Economic Transformations and Comparison with the Variation in the ES
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
A | 28,857 | B | 8746 | C | 84,605 | |||
km2 | % | km2 | % | km2 | % | |||
Perm (210210) | 9838 | 34 | Perm (210210) | 3114 | 36 | Perm (210210) | 29,016 | 34 |
Perm (240240) | 4275 | 15 | Perm (310310) | 1599 | 18 | Perm (310310) | 15,622 | 18 |
Perm (100100) | 3615 | 13 | Perm (240240) | 1183 | 14 | Perm (240240) | 11,662 | 14 |
Perm (310310) | 3164 | 11 | Perm (220220) | 718 | 8 | Perm (220220) | 5954 | 7 |
Perm (220220) | 2250 | 8 | Perm (100100) | 518 | 6 | Perm (100100) | 5340 | 6 |
Perm (320320) | 1212 | 4 | Perm (500500) | 227 | 3 | Perm (320320) | 4064 | 5 |
Perm (500500) | 552 | 2 | Perm (320320) | 226 | 3 | Etcs (210240) | 1200 | 1 |
Int (240210) | 532 | 2 | Urb (240210) | 223 | 3 | Int (240210) | 1165 | 1 |
Etcs (210240) | 438 | 2 | Etcs (210240) | 89 | 1 | Perm (330330) | 1099 | 1 |
Urb (210100) | 408 | 1 | Int (240220) | 86 | 1 | Perm (500500) | 956 | 1 |
Urb (240100) | 272 | 1 | Etcs (220240) | 76 | 1 | Urb (210100) | 886 | 1 |
Etcs (220240) | 232 | 1 | Urb (210100) | 74 | 1 | Int (240220) | 810 | 1 |
Int (240220) | 211 | 1 | Int (210220) | 68 | 1 | Etcs (220240) | 725 | 1 |
Perm (320310) | 153 | 1 | Perm (330330) | 54 | 1 | Perm (230230) | 709 | 1 |
Urb (240100) | 46 | 1 | Urb (240100) | 580 | 1 | |||
Perm (320310) | 506 | 1 | ||||||
Int (210220) | 492 | 1 | ||||||
D | 87,705 | E | 72,397 | F | 19,296 | |||
km2 | % | km2 | % | km2 | % | |||
Perm (310310) | 25,010 | 29 | Perm (310310) | 23,292 | 32 | Perm (310310) | 5325 | 28 |
Perm (210210) | 19,592 | 22 | Perm (210210) | 12,468 | 17 | Perm (320320) | 4761 | 25 |
Perm (240240) | 11,121 | 13 | Perm (320320) | 10,317 | 14 | Perm (210210) | 2230 | 12 |
Perm (320320) | 7854 | 9 | Perm (240240) | 7448 | 10 | Perm (240240) | 1797 | 9 |
Perm (220220) | 5555 | 6 | Perm (330330) | 3361 | 5 | Perm (330330) | 1249 | 6 |
Perm (330330) | 2605 | 3 | Perm (220220) | 2990 | 4 | Perm (320310) | 508 | 3 |
Perm (100100) | 2099 | 2 | Perm (320310) | 1340 | 2 | Perm (220220) | 468 | 2 |
Perm (500500) | 1239 | 1 | Perm (230230) | 1031 | 1 | Perm (310320) | 297 | 2 |
Int (240210) | 1203 | 1 | Int (240210) | 917 | 1 | For Ext (240320) | 284 | 1 |
Perm (320310) | 1145 | 1 | Perm (100100) | 895 | 1 | Perm (330320) | 231 | 1 |
Etcs (210240) | 993 | 1 | Etcs (320240) | 818 | 1 | Etcs (320240) | 216 | 1 |
Etcs (220240) | 988 | 1 | Perm (330320) | 758 | 1 | Int (240210) | 204 | 1 |
Perm (230230) | 892 | 1 | Perm (310320) | 755 | 1 | Perm (100100) | 198 | 1 |
Perm (330320) | 803 | 1 | Etcs (210240) | 583 | 1 | Int (320210) | 163 | 1 |
Int (240220) | 669 | 1 | Perm (500500) | 564 | 1 | Etcs (210240) | 128 | 1 |
Perm (310320) | 651 | 1 | Etcs (220240) | 557 | 1 | Perm (230230) | 123 | 1 |
Etcs (320240) | 628 | 1 | Int (320210) | 488 | 1 | Etcs (220240) | 116 | 1 |
Int (210220) | 554 | 1 | For Ext (240320) | 443 | 1 | Perm (500500) | 98 | 1 |
Transition and Permanence | Change | Global Climate Regulation | Air Quality Regulation | Water Flow Regulation | Water Purifcation | Erosion Regulation | Natural Hazard Regulation | Crops | Fodder | Timber | Wild Food and Resources | Sum (0–5) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urb | 210100 | −2 | −5 | −4 | −4 | 3 | −3 | −8 | −6 | −3 | −5 | −3 |
Int | 210220 | 1 | 0 | 0 | −2 | 2 | −2 | −1 | −5 | 1 | −1 | 0 |
Perm | 210230 | 0 | −1 | 0 | −2 | 3 | 0 | −5 | −5 | −1 | 1 | −1 |
Etcs | 210240 | 2 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 4 | 0 | −2 | −3 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
For Ext | 210310 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 5 | −5 | −4 | 5 | 4 | 2 |
For Ext | 210320 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 2 | −5 | −3 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
For Ext | 210330 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 2 | −5 | −5 | 0 | −1 | 0 |
Urb | 220100 | −4 | −5 | −5 | −2 | 1 | −2 | −7 | −2 | −4 | −4 | −2 |
Agr Ext | 220210 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | −2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | −1 | 1 | 0 |
Agr Ext | 220230 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | −4 | 0 | −2 | 2 | 0 |
Etcs | 220240 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | −1 | 1 | 1 |
For Ext | 220310 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 7 | −4 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 3 |
For Ext | 220320 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 4 | −4 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 |
For Ext | 220330 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4 | −4 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 0 |
Urb | 230100 | −2 | −4 | −4 | −2 | 0 | −3 | −3 | −2 | −2 | −6 | −2 |
Int | 230210 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | −3 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 1 | −1 | 1 |
Int | 230220 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | −2 | 4 | 0 | 2 | −2 | 0 |
Etcs | 230240 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 2 | −1 | 1 |
For Ext | 230310 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 3 |
For Ext | 230320 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
For Ext | 230330 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | −2 | 1 |
Urb | 240100 | −4 | −5 | −5 | −3 | 0 | −4 | −6 | −4 | −4 | −5 | −3 |
Int | 240210 | −2 | 0 | −1 | 1 | −4 | 0 | 2 | 3 | −1 | −1 | 0 |
Int | 240220 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −1 | −1 | −2 | 0 | −2 | 1 | −1 | −1 |
Int | 240230 | −1 | −1 | 0 | −1 | −1 | 0 | −3 | −2 | −2 | 1 | −1 |
For Ext | 240310 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 5 | −3 | −1 | 4 | 4 | 2 |
For Ext | 240320 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | −3 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
For Ext | 240330 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | −3 | −2 | −1 | −1 | 0 |
Urb | 310100 | −8 | −10 | −7 | −9 | −5 | −8 | −3 | −3 | −8 | −9 | −5 |
Int | 310210 | −6 | −5 | −3 | −5 | −8 | −5 | 5 | 4 | −5 | −4 | −2 |
Int | 310220 | −5 | −5 | −3 | −7 | −6 | −7 | 4 | −1 | −4 | −5 | −3 |
Int | 310230 | −6 | −6 | −3 | −7 | −5 | −5 | 0 | −1 | −6 | −3 | −3 |
Etcs | 310240 | −5 | −5 | −3 | −6 | −4 | −5 | 3 | 1 | −4 | −4 | −2 |
Perm | 310320 | −2 | −4 | −2 | −3 | −2 | −3 | 0 | 0 | −4 | −2 | −2 |
Perm | 310330 | −5 | −5 | −2 | −4 | −4 | −3 | 0 | −1 | −5 | −5 | −2 |
Urb | 320100 | −7 | −5 | −5 | −6 | −3 | −5 | −3 | −3 | −4 | −6 | −3 |
Int | 320210 | −4 | −1 | −1 | −2 | −6 | −2 | 5 | 3 | −1 | −2 | −1 |
Int | 320220 | −3 | 0 | −1 | −4 | −3 | −4 | 4 | −1 | 0 | −3 | −1 |
Int | 320230 | −4 | −2 | −1 | −4 | −3 | −2 | 0 | −1 | −2 | −1 | −1 |
Etcs | 320240 | −3 | 0 | −1 | −3 | −2 | −2 | 3 | 1 | 0 | −1 | −1 |
Perm | 320310 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
Perm | 320330 | −3 | −1 | 0 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | −1 | −2 | −1 |
Urb | 330100 | −3 | −5 | −5 | −5 | −1 | −5 | −3 | −2 | −3 | −4 | −3 |
Int | 330210 | −1 | 0 | −1 | −1 | −4 | −2 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Int | 330220 | 0 | 0 | −1 | −3 | −2 | −4 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Int | 330230 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −3 | −1 | −2 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 2 | −1 |
Etcs | 330240 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −2 | −1 | −2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Perm | 330310 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 2 |
Perm | 330320 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Perm Macro | − | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Other | − | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
tot | −3 | −4 | −5 | −4 | 0 | −4 | −4 | −3 | −2 | −5 | −2 |
Transition and Permanence | Change | km2 | Global Climate Regulation | Air Quality Regulation | Water Flow Regulation | Water Purification | Erosion Regulation | Natural Hazard Regulation | Crops | Fodder | Timber | Wild Food and Resources | Sum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urb | 210100 | 1725 | −1.3 | −2.7 | −2.5 | −2.2 | 1.8 | −1.8 | −4.6 | −3.7 | −1.8 | −2.7 | −21.5 |
Int | 210220 | 1496 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.2 | −0.8 | 1.1 | −0.8 | −0.5 | −2.4 | 0.5 | −0.5 | −2.4 |
Perm | 210230 | 299 | 0.0 | −0.1 | 0.0 | −0.2 | 0.3 | 0.0 | −0.5 | −0.5 | −0.1 | 0.1 | −0.9 |
Etcs | 210240 | 3430 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 0.7 | −1.0 | 4.0 | 0.5 | −1.7 | −3.1 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 2.8 |
For Ext | 210310 | 173 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.3 | −0.3 | −0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 1.9 |
For Ext | 210320 | 398 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.3 | −0.7 | −0.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.3 |
For Ext | 210330 | 46 | 0.0 | − | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | −0.1 | −0.1 | − | −0.0 | −0.0 |
Urb | 220100 | 294 | −0.3 | −0.5 | −0.5 | −0.2 | 0.1 | −0.2 | −0.7 | −0.2 | −0.4 | −0.4 | −3.2 |
Agr Ext | 220210 | 695 | −0.3 | −0.1 | −0.1 | 0.4 | −0.5 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1.1 | −0.2 | 0.2 | 1.1 |
Agr Ext | 220230 | 20 | −0.0 | −0.0 | −0.0 | −0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0 | −0.0 | −0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0 |
Etcs | 220240 | 2694 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 1.7 | −0.4 | 1.9 | −0.5 | 1.3 | 6.5 |
For Ext | 220310 | 126 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | −0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.6 |
For Ext | 220320 | 174 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | −0.2 | 0.1 | −0.0 | 0.1 | 0.8 |
For Ext | 220330 | 33 | −0.0 | −0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0 | −0.0 | −0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Urb | 230100 | 89 | −0.1 | −0.1 | −0.1 | −0.1 | 0.0 | −0.1 | −0.1 | −0.0 | −0.1 | −0.2 | −0.8 |
Int | 230210 | 357 | −0.0 | 0.1 | −0.0 | 0.2 | −0.4 | −0.0 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.1 | −0.1 | 1.1 |
Int | 230220 | 47 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0 | −0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0 | 0.1 |
Etcs | 230240 | 463 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.2 | −0.1 | 1.8 |
For Ext | 230310 | 67 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | − | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.9 |
For Ext | 230320 | 587 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.4 | − | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 3.8 |
For Ext | 230330 | 10 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | − | − | 0.0 | −0.0 | 0.0 |
Urb | 240100 | 1357 | −1.7 | −2.3 | −2.2 | −1.4 | −0.2 | −1.6 | −2.9 | −1.7 | −1.7 | −2.4 | −18.0 |
Int | 240210 | 4245 | −2.2 | −0.7 | −0.9 | 1.2 | −5.0 | −0.6 | 2.1 | 3.9 | −0.8 | −0.7 | −3.5 |
Int | 240220 | 2158 | −0.2 | −0.2 | −0.2 | −0.5 | −1.0 | −1.4 | 0.3 | −1.5 | 0.4 | −1.0 | −5.2 |
Int | 240230 | 259 | −0.1 | −0.1 | −0.0 | −0.1 | −0.0 | −0.0 | −0.3 | −0.2 | −0.1 | 0.0 | −1.0 |
For Ext | 240310 | 819 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.3 | −0.9 | −0.3 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 8.2 |
For Ext | 240320 | 1320 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.7 | −1.5 | −0.3 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 3.2 |
For Ext | 240330 | 75 | −0.0 | −0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.1 | −0.1 | −0.0 | −0.0 | −0.1 |
Urb | 310100 | 137 | −0.4 | −0.4 | −0.3 | −0.4 | −0.2 | −0.4 | −0.1 | −0.1 | −0.4 | −0.4 | −3.2 |
Int | 310210 | 315 | −0.6 | −0.5 | −0.3 | −0.5 | −0.8 | −0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | −0.5 | −0.4 | −3.4 |
Int | 310220 | 415 | −0.7 | −0.7 | −0.4 | −0.9 | −0.8 | −0.9 | 0.5 | −0.1 | −0.5 | −0.7 | −5.1 |
Int | 310230 | 59 | −0.1 | −0.1 | −0.1 | −0.1 | −0.1 | −0.1 | − | −0.0 | −0.1 | −0.1 | −0.8 |
Etcs | 310240 | 928 | −1.4 | −1.4 | −0.8 | −1.9 | −1.4 | −1.4 | 1.1 | 0.3 | −1.4 | −1.1 | −9.3 |
Perm | 310320 | 2219 | −1.3 | −3.3 | −1.4 | −2.3 | −1.7 | −2.2 | − | 0.3 | −3.1 | −1.7 | −16.7 |
Perm | 310330 | 177 | −0.3 | −0.3 | −0.1 | −0.2 | −0.2 | −0.2 | − | −0.1 | −0.3 | −0.3 | −1.9 |
Urb | 320100 | 136 | −0.3 | −0.2 | −0.2 | −0.3 | −0.1 | −0.2 | −0.1 | −0.1 | −0.2 | −0.3 | −2.1 |
Int | 320210 | 1190 | −1.7 | −0.2 | −0.5 | −0.8 | −2.2 | −0.8 | 2.0 | 1.4 | −0.3 | −0.7 | −3.9 |
Int | 320220 | 243 | −0.2 | −0.0 | −0.1 | −0.3 | −0.3 | −0.3 | 0.3 | −0.1 | 0.0 | −0.2 | −1.2 |
Int | 320230 | 543 | −0.8 | −0.3 | −0.2 | −0.7 | −0.5 | −0.4 | − | −0.3 | −0.3 | −0.1 | −3.5 |
Etcs | 320240 | 2037 | −1.9 | −0.1 | −0.4 | −2.0 | −1.4 | −1.1 | 2.4 | 0.5 | −0.2 | −0.8 | −5.0 |
Perm | 320310 | 3692 | 2.2 | 5.4 | 2.4 | 3.8 | 2.9 | 3.6 | − | −0.5 | 5.1 | 2.9 | 27.8 |
Perm | 320330 | 646 | −0.7 | −0.1 | −0.1 | −0.2 | −0.3 | 0.0 | − | −0.3 | −0.2 | −0.5 | −2.3 |
Urb | 330100 | 18 | −0.0 | −0.0 | −0.0 | −0.0 | −0.0 | −0.0 | −0.0 | −0.0 | −0.0 | −0.0 | −0.2 |
Int | 330210 | 60 | −0.0 | − | −0.0 | −0.0 | −0.1 | −0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | − | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Int | 330220 | 17 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0 | −0.0 | −0.0 | −0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0 | −0.0 |
Int | 330230 | 8 | −0.0 | −0.0 | −0.0 | −0.0 | −0.0 | −0.0 | − | − | −0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0 |
Etcs | 330240 | 99 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0 | −0.1 | −0.0 | −0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
Perm | 330310 | 108 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | − | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.2 |
Perm | 330320 | 2200 | 2.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.0 | −0.1 | − | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 7.7 |
Perm Macro | - | 261,823 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | −0.0 |
Other | - | 1080 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.9 | −0.0 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 9.0 |
tot | 301,605 | −3.5 | −3.7 | −4.5 | −4.1 | −0.2 | −4.3 | −3.8 | −3.2 | −2.2 | −4.7 | −34.1 |
A | −9.3 | B | −1.4 | C | −21.7 | D | −3.1 | E | 0.1 | F | 1.3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
210100 | −5.1 | 210100 | −0.9 | 210100 | −11.0 | 310320 | −4.9 | 310320 | −5.7 | 310320 | −2.2 |
240100 | −3.6 | 240100 | −0.6 | 240100 | −7.7 | 240100 | −3.7 | 310240 | −2.6 | 310240 | −0.5 |
310320 | −0.7 | 310320 | −3.0 | 210100 | −3.2 | 320240 | −2.0 | 320210 | −0.5 | ||
220100 | −0.6 | 310220 | −2.6 | 310240 | −2.9 | 320230 | −1.9 | 320240 | −0.5 | ||
310100 | −0.6 | 310240 | −2.5 | 240220 | −1.6 | 240100 | −1.9 | 240100 | −0.5 | ||
240220 | −0.5 | 240220 | −2.0 | 310220 | −1.6 | 320210 | −1.6 | 240310 | 0.6 | ||
310240 | −0.5 | 310210 | −1.5 | 320240 | −1.5 | 210100 | −1.1 | 240320 | 0.7 | ||
320100 | −0.5 | 220100 | −1.3 | 320210 | −1.1 | 320330 | −0.9 | 330320 | 0.8 | ||
240310 | 0.5 | 310100 | −1.0 | 240210 | −1.0 | 240210 | −0.8 | 320310 | 3.8 | ||
220240 | 0.6 | 240210 | −1.0 | 320230 | −0.9 | 240220 | −0.7 | ||||
320310 | 1.1 | 210220 | −0.8 | 210220 | −0.9 | 310330 | −0.5 | ||||
320100 | −0.6 | 310100 | −0.9 | 310210 | −0.5 | ||||||
320240 | −0.6 | 310210 | −0.9 | 310100 | −0.5 | ||||||
310330 | −0.5 | 220100 | −0.8 | 210240 | 0.5 | ||||||
230320 | 0.9 | 320330 | −0.5 | 230240 | 0.6 | ||||||
210240 | 1.0 | 330310 | 0.5 | 230320 | 0.7 | ||||||
330320 | 1.2 | 210310 | 0.5 | 240320 | 1.1 | ||||||
220240 | 1.8 | 230240 | 0.6 | 220240 | 1.3 | ||||||
240310 | 1.8 | 240320 | 0.8 | 240310 | 2.6 | ||||||
320310 | 3.8 | 210240 | 0.8 | 330320 | 2.7 | ||||||
230320 | 1.5 | 320310 | 10.1 | ||||||||
220240 | 2.4 | ||||||||||
240310 | 2.5 | ||||||||||
330320 | 2.8 | ||||||||||
320310 | 8.6 |
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SNAI Description | SNAI Code | Urban Areas | Agricultural Areas | Wooded and Semi-Natural Areas | Wetlands and Water Bodies | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
km2 | % | km2 | % | km2 | % | km2 | % | km2 | ||
Hubs | A | 4424 | 15% | 18,706 | 65% | 5135 | 18% | 592 | 2% | 28,857 |
Intermediate hubs | B | 661 | 8% | 5782 | 66% | 2062 | 24% | 242 | 3% | 8746 |
Belt | C | 7060 | 8% | 53,602 | 63% | 22,905 | 27% | 1037 | 1% | 84,605 |
Intermediate | D | 2801 | 3% | 44,168 | 50% | 39,448 | 45% | 1288 | 1% | 87,705 |
Peripheral | E | 1219 | 2% | 29,230 | 40% | 41,340 | 57% | 608 | 1% | 72,397 |
Ultraperipheral | F | 279 | 1% | 5825 | 30% | 13,079 | 68% | 112 | 1% | 19,296 |
Total | 16,444 | 5% | 157,313 | 52% | 123,969 | 41% | 3879 | 1% | 301,605 |
Macroclass Description | Macroclass Code | Global Climate Regulation | Air Quality Regulation | Water Flow Regulation | Water Purification | Erosion Regulation | Natural Hazard Regulation | Crops | Fodder | Timber | Wild Food and Resources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban areas | 100 | −3.3 | −4.7 | −4.4 | −4.1 | 0.1 | −4.2 | −3.0 | −1.6 | −3.2 | −3.8 |
Arable lands | 210 | −1.1 | 0.0 | −0.1 | −0.2 | −3.0 | −1.0 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
Permanent crops | 220 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | −1.7 | −0.8 | −2.6 | 4.0 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.1 |
Pastures | 230 | −1.0 | −1.0 | 0.0 | −2.0 | 0.0 | −1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −1.0 | 2.0 |
Heterogeneous agricultural areas | 240 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | −1.1 | 0.6 | −0.6 | 3.5 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 1.5 |
Forests | 310 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 3.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
Shrub and/or herbaceous vegetation | 320 | 3.2 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 1.9 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 2.6 |
Non and sparsely vegetated areas | 330 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 |
Wetland and water bodies | 500 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 3.9 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 3.3 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 3.5 |
LULC Permanence and Transition Categories | A | B | C | D | E | F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agr. Extensification | 0.3% | 0.5% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.1% |
Transformation to complex system | 2.5% | 2.2% | 2.5% | 2.6% | 2.1% | 1.5% |
Agr. Intensification | 4.3% | 5.3% | 4.5% | 4.9% | 4.9% | 4.4% |
Forest extension | 0.9% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 1.2% | 1.6% | 2.9% |
Urbanization | 2.8% | 1.6% | 2.0% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.4% |
Other | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.3% |
Permanence | 88.7% | 88.9% | 89.5% | 89.8% | 90.6% | 90.4% |
SNAI Code | Global Climate Regulation | Air Quality Regulation | Water Flow Regulation | Water Purification | Erosion Regulation | Natural Hazard Regulation | Crops | Fodder | Timber | Wild Food and Resources | TOT | MEAN |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | −0.8 | −1.2 | −1.1 | −0.9 | 0.2 | −0.8 | −1.5 | −1.1 | −0.8 | −1.2 | −9.3 | −0.9 |
B | −0.1 | −0.2 | −0.2 | −0.1 | −0.1 | −0.1 | −0.2 | −0.1 | −0.1 | −0.2 | −1.4 | −0.1 |
C | −1.6 | −2.7 | −2.4 | −2.5 | 0.3 | −2.4 | −2.9 | −2.7 | −1.9 | −2.9 | −21.7 | −2.2 |
D | −0.3 | −0.2 | −0.7 | −0.6 | 0 | −0.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −0.5 | −3.1 | −0.3 |
E | −0.7 | 0.4 | −0.2 | −0.3 | −0.7 | −0.3 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 |
F | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | −0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.1 |
TOT | −3.5 | −3.7 | −4.5 | −4.1 | −0.2 | −4.3 | −3.8 | −3.2 | −2.2 | −4.7 | −34.1 | −3.4 |
Transitions and Permanence | A | B | C | D | E | F | TOT by Transitions and Permanence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agr. Extensification | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.11 |
Transformation to complex system | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.23 | 0.2 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.59 |
Agr. Intensification | −0.26 | −0.08 | −1 | −1.02 | −0.94 | −0.25 | −3.55 |
Forest extension | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.4 | 0.63 | 0.61 | 0.25 | 2.08 |
Urbanization | −1.05 | −0.19 | −2.22 | −0.93 | −0.43 | −0.11 | −4.94 |
Other | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.36 | 0.24 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.96 |
Permanence | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.19 | 1.34 |
TOT by SNAI areas | −0.93 | −0.14 | −2.17 | −0.31 | 0.01 | 0.13 | −3.41 |
SNAI Code | km2 | 1990 | 2018 | VAR 1990−2018 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MLN € | EUR/ha | MLN EUR | EUR/ha | Var EUR/ha | Var MLN EUR | ||
A | 28,857 | 9702 | 3362 | 9383 | 3252 | −110 | −319 |
B | 8746 | 3125 | 3573 | 3102 | 3546 | −27 | −24 |
C | 84,605 | 29,582 | 3496 | 28,889 | 3415 | −82 | −692 |
D | 87,705 | 28,418 | 3240 | 28,331 | 3230 | −10 | −87 |
E | 72,397 | 22,162 | 3061 | 22,300 | 3080 | 19 | 137 |
F | 19,296 | 5518 | 2860 | 5576 | 2890 | 30 | 58 |
TOT | 301,605 | 98,508 | 3266 | 97,581 | 3235 | −30 | −927 |
SNAI Code | Population (var %) | Number of Companies (var %) | Number of Employees (var %) | ES Average Qualitative Balance Variation (−5, +5) | ES Mean Economic Value (var EUR/ha) | ES Total Economic Value (var MLN EUR) | ES Economic Value per Inhabitant (var EUR/Inhabitant) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | −0.9 | 0.9 | 6.9 | −0.9 | −110.5 | −318.8 | −10.7 |
B | 3.6 | −1.3 | 2.2 | −0.1 | −27.2 | −23.8 | −45.5 |
C | 16.4 | −3.0 | 1.1 | −2.2 | −81.8 | −692.5 | −248.1 |
D | 6.2 | −3.9 | −1.0 | −0.3 | −9.9 | −86.9 | −213.9 |
E | −5.7 | −3.7 | −0.9 | 0.01 | 19.0 | 137.4 | 379.2 |
F | −9.4 | −3.2 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 30.1 | 58.0 | 827.9 |
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Marino, D.; Barone, A.; Marucci, A.; Pili, S.; Palmieri, M. The Integrated Analysis of Territorial Transformations in Inland Areas of Italy: The Link between Natural, Social, and Economic Capitals Using the Ecosystem Service Approach. Land 2024, 13, 1455. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091455
Marino D, Barone A, Marucci A, Pili S, Palmieri M. The Integrated Analysis of Territorial Transformations in Inland Areas of Italy: The Link between Natural, Social, and Economic Capitals Using the Ecosystem Service Approach. Land. 2024; 13(9):1455. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091455
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarino, Davide, Antonio Barone, Angelo Marucci, Silvia Pili, and Margherita Palmieri. 2024. "The Integrated Analysis of Territorial Transformations in Inland Areas of Italy: The Link between Natural, Social, and Economic Capitals Using the Ecosystem Service Approach" Land 13, no. 9: 1455. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091455