Characterizing Agroecology in North Africa, a Review of 88 Sustainable Agriculture Projects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Principles and Levels of Agroecological Transition, Types of Sustainable Agriculture
2. Methodology
2.1. Identification of Projects
2.2. Qualitative Presentation of the Sample by Agrosystem
2.3. Analysis of Practices
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of Projects by Agrosystem According to the Principles of the HLPE
3.2. Main Practices Encountered by Agrosystem, by Level of Transition and Scale
3.3. Evolution of Practices in the Identified Projects and Levels of Transition
3.3.1. In the Rainfed Cereal Plains
- Integration of livestock and crop production: synergy, diversification;
- Permanent living vegetation cover, e.g., alfalfa: synergy, diversification;
- Introduction of forage mixtures in rotations: diversification;
- Adaptation of direct seeders to small areas.
- The introduction of new permanent plant cover such as camelina as a “cash crop” (trials by ICARDA, ARVALIS, INRAT, CAMELINA, etc.) synergy (Level 3);
- Stubble Pasture Management for Integrated Livestock Management: diversification (Level 3);
- Management of low-input weeds in response to the massive use of herbicides such as glyphosate through the integration of integrated agriculture practices: selection of legume varieties (vetches, balansa clover, field peas, pea and fava beans), mixture of legumes and cereals, replacement of weed shoots by annual forage legumes and annual legumes (summer grazing) (testing techniques by ICARDA, INGC INAT [Tunisia], IAV HASSAN II [Morocco], Justus Liebig Giessen University [Germany]: efficiency (Level 1);
- The development of innovative methods related to precision agriculture to carry out a “diagchamp” diagnosis in order to analyze the nitrogen residue, model the maximum potential of the plot and propose appropriate technical itinerary [ARVALIS] efficiency (Level 1).
3.3.2. In the Irrigated Valleys and the New Irrigated Perimeters of the Arid Zones
- Agricultural Household Economic Development and Diversification Projects (1970–2010).
- Projects to modernize and rationalize irrigation in the valleys (1977–2014).
- Projects to reduce agricultural pollution (2004–2018).
- Projects developed between 2016 and 2021.
3.3.3. In Peri-Urban Areas
3.3.4. In the Mountains
3.3.5. In the Oases
4. Discussion and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- | Projects Name | Period | Countries Beneficiaries | Donors | Reference: Website/Project Report/Scientific Paper | Agrosystem |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Projet SIPAM: Systèmes oasiens des Ghout de Oued Souf | 2011–Now | Algeria | FAO | https://www.fao.org/giahs/giahsaroundtheworld/designated-sites/near-east-and-north-africa/ghout-system/fr/ Consultedonline 15 August 2021 | Oasis |
2. | Pour un développement local durable des oasis du sud algérien | 2016–2019 | Algeria | EU | https://www.eeas.europa.eu/node/42677_en Consulted online 6 September 2021 | Oasis |
3. | Installation d’une ferme pilote de Sersour pour le semis direct | 2006–2009 | Algeria | ITGC | https://om.ciheam.org/om/pdf/a96/00801427.pdf Consultedonline 11 September 2021 | Cereal Plain |
4. | Conservation agriculture in north Africa CANA | 2012–2015 | Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia | ACIAR | https://agrinatura-eu.eu/news/the-conservation-agriculture-for-north-africa-cana-project/ Consultedonline 5 October 2021 | Cereal Plain |
5. | Integrated crop livestock conservation agriculture for sustainable intensification of cereal based systems CLCA | 2013–2015 | Algeria, Tunisia | IFAD CIMMYTICARDA | https://mel.cgiar.org/uploads/reporting/T6cd9veKcy-IFAD%20CLCA%20Progress%20report-2013%20to%202014.pdf Consultedonline 5 September 2021 | Cereal Plain |
6. | Reconversion vers l’agriculture biologique dans la région de Ziban | Algeria | Algerian state | https://www.cahiersagricultures.fr/articles/cagri/pdf/2017/03/cagri160183.pdf Consultedonline 20 October 2021 | Oasis | |
7. | New Curricula in Precision Agriculture Using GIS Technologies and Sensing Data CUPAGIS | 2018–2021 | Algeria | EU | https://www.univ-mosta.dz/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Invitation-to-Tender_CUPAGIS_12.10.2020.pdf Consultedonline 26 October 2021 | Transversal |
8. | Integrated agri-aquaculture in desert and arid lands: FAO Regional Initiative on Water Scarcity | 2015–2019 and 2010–2019 | Algeria, Egypt | FAO | https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/67ca9d4a-83cc-4e9b-aa09-fefbccf904f7/content Consultedonline 8 September 2021 | Irrigated |
9. | Renforcer les systèmes d’innovation agricole et rurale dans les zones oasiennes et arides du Maghreb MASSIRE | 2019–2022 | Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia | IFAD | https://massire.net/ Consultedonline 8 September 2021 | Oasis |
10. | A sustainable mixed cropping-beekeeping system in the Mediterranean basin | 2019–2021 | Algeria Egypt, Morocco | EU PRIMA | https://www.plant-b.net/ Consultedonline 15 October 2021 | Transversal |
11. | Fruit crops adaptation to climate change in the Mediterranean basin FREECLIMB | 2019–2021 | Algeria, Morocco | EU PRIMA | https://www.plant-b.net/ Consulted online 15 October 2021 | Transversal |
12. | Aménagement d’une Ferme agroécologique à Douera | Since 2020 | Algeria | Torba | Personal communication | Peri-urban |
13. | Regional integrated pest management IPM program in the near east | 2004–2011 | Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia | FAO | https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/d8016120-6dd3-4f08-944e-3b9c574c7059/content Consultedonline 25 October 2021 | Irrigated |
14. | Plateformes multi acteurs: comité Scientifique et Technique Eau Agricole COSTEA | 2013–2022 | Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia | AFD | https://www.comite-costea.fr/ Consultedonline 15 September 2021 | Peri-urban |
15. | Conserveterra towards conservation agriculture in the Mediterranean area | 2020–2024 | Morocco, Tunisia | EU PRIMA | https://conserveterra.org/ Consulted online 6 September 2021 | Cereal plain |
16. | Boost ecosystem services through high Biodiversity-based Mediterranean Farming Systems: Biodiversity | 2020–2023 | Algeria, Tunisia | EU PRIMA | https://www1.montpellier.inra.fr/wp-inra/biodiversify/ Consultedonline 8 November 2021 | Transversal |
17. | Regional project on water efficiency, productivity and sustainability (WEPSERNE) | 2017–2020 | Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia | FAO | https://www.fao.org/in-action/water-efficiency-nena/overview/en/ Consultedonline 4 November 2021 | Irrigated |
18. | HublS Open innovation Hub for Irrigation Systems in Mediterranean agriculture | 2019–2020 | Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia | EU PRIMA | https://prima-hubis.org/ Consultedonline 8 November 2021 | Irrigated |
19. | Gestion durable des agro-écosystèmes de l’oasis de Kharga | 2019–2021 | Egypt | GEF | https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a55cf175-434c-4d26-8f0d-9db3c26cd4d6/content Consultedonline 28 August 2021 | Oasis |
20. | Dynamic conservation plan for Siwa as an agricultural heritage site | 2016–Now | Egypt | FAO | https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/bdbb8b53-a477-4326-b603-ae98bf184d4e/content Consultedonline 5 November 2021 | Oasis |
21. | Sustainable Transformation for Agricultural Resilience in Upper Egypt | 2019–2023 | Egypt | IFAD | https://www.ifad.org/documents/38711624/41463031/Egypt+2000002202+STAR+Project+Design+MissionJune+-+July+2019.pdf/54852255-d8bf-0204-c13e-f3d6af8c2f52?t=1588264253000 Consultedonline 5 November 2021 | Irrigated |
22. | Sustainable Agriculture Investments and Livelihoods Project (SAIL) | 2014–2023 | Egypt | IFAD | https://www.ifad.org/documents/38711624/40089492/Design+completion+report.pdf/4b0ad8e2-56da-ca91-9119-434a8bc143b4?t=1590773407000 Consultedonline 5 November 2021 | Irrigated |
23. | Sustainable intensification of food production through resilient farming systems in West and North Africa SustInAfrica | 2018–2021 | Egypt, Tunisia | UE H2020 | https://sustinafrica.com/ Consultedonline 6 September 2021 | Irrigated |
24. | Towards a sustainable water use in Mediterranean rice-based agro-ecosystems MEDAWATERICE | 2019–2023 | Egypt | EU Prima | https://www.medwaterice.org/ Consultedonline 9 November 2021 | Irrigated |
25. | Capacity building in Land Management and Soil Productivity (Fertility through Farmers Field Schools, FFS) | 2004–2005 | Egypt | FAO | https://www.fao.org/egypt/programmes-and-projects/ffs-sail Consultedonline 25 November 2021 | Transversal |
26. | Intensification and diversification of agricultural systems | 2006–2009 | Egypt | FAO | Transversal | |
27. | Bonnes pratiques agricoles pour l’amélioration durable de la qualité et de la quantité de la production horticole des petits agriculteurs du Fayoum | 2017–2019 | Egypt | EU | https://www.iamm.ciheam.org/ress_doc/opac_css/doc_num.php?explnum_id=18175 Consultedonline 5 September 2021 | Irrigated |
28. | Scaling up Good Agricultural Practices in the Governorate of Fayoum | 2017–2020 | Egypt | EU | https://www.fao.org/egypt/programmes-and-projects/gap-fayoum/en/ Consultedonline 5 September 2021 | Irrigated |
29 | Real-time smart irrigation management at multiple stakeholders’ levels SMARTIES | 2020–2023 | Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia | EU PRIMA | https://www.smarties.polimi.it/#:~:text=The%20SMARTIES%20system%20will%20be,under%20seasonal%20forecast%20conditions%20supporting Consultedonline 9 November 2021 | Irrigated |
30. | Conservation de la biodiversité et la gestion adaptative des systèmes ingénieux du patrimoine agricole au Maroc | 2017–2019 | Morocco, Tunisia | FAO | https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/3578 Consultedonline 15 August 2021 | Oasis |
31. | Observatoire de l’agroécologie au Maroc | 2018-now | Morocco, Tunisia | AFD | https://www.ird.fr/observatoire-de-lagroecologie-au-maroc Consultedonline 20 September 2021 | Peri-urban |
32. | Projet pilote: développement d’un système participatif de garantie (SPG) | 2018–2019 | Morocco | AFD | https://reseauriam.org/systeme-participatif-de-garantie-spg/ Consulted online 20 September 2021 | Peri-urban |
33. | Installation d’une ferme expérimentale en agroforesterie | 2006–2015 | Morocco | Initiatives climat | http://www.initiativesclimat.org/Toutes-les-initiatives/Ferme-experimentale-en-agroforesterie Consultedonline 6 August 2021 | Oasis |
34. | Food for change “KERZ AYEDANEK“ | 2018–2019 | Morocco | Initiatives climat | http://www.initiativesclimat.org/Toutes-les-initiatives/Food-For-Change Consulted online 6 August 2021 | Mountains |
35. | Barachoua un village durable et résilient grâce à la permaculture | 2013–2017 | Morocco | PNUD | http://www.initiativesclimat.org/Toutes-les-initiatives/Un-village-durable-et-resilient-grace-a-la-permaculture?uri=%2FToutes-les-initiatives%3Ftags%3D0%26dates%3D0%26query%3D%252Foffset%252F0%26offset%3D10 Consulted online 6 August 2021 | Mountains |
36. | Projet de Gestion conservatoire des eaux et des sols dans les oasis | 2014–2017 | Morocco | (PMF/FEM) | http://www.initiativesclimat.org/Les-laureats/Gestion-conservatoire-des-eaux-et-des-sols-et-reboisement Consulted online 6 August 2021 | Oasis |
37. | Femme semencière MOUAMAR NOURELHOUDA | 2010–2020 | Morocco | ONU Femmes | http://www.initiativesclimat.org/Porteurs-d-initiatives/MOUAMAR-Nourelhouda Consultedonline 7 August 2021 | Peri-urban |
38. | Conservation des Sols et Sécurité Alimentaire: une préoccupation commune pour les agricultures paysannes du Mali et du Maroc | 2010–2013 | Morocco | AFD | https://act-africa.org/assets/file/0169_20141103_agriculture_de_conservation_au_maroc_et_au_mali.pdf Consultedonline 17 September 2021 | Cereal plain |
39. | Projet de multiplication des semences locales (Ouriaguel) | 2016–now | Morocco | Private | Personal communication | Transversal |
40. | Lutte contre la désertification et lutte contre la pauvreté par la sauvegarde et la valorisation des oasis | 2006–2011 | Morocco | PNUD | https://info.undp.org/docs/pdc/Documents/MAR/ProDoc_POT.pdf Consultedonline 4 August 2021 | Oasis |
41. | Swani Tiqa | Morocco | https://www.cariassociation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/13_Avaclim-Factsheet_Maroc_Swani-Tiqa_VVF_CARI.pdf Consulted online 8 October 2021 | Peri-urban | ||
42. | Dar Bouazza | Morocco | https://www.cariassociation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/14_Avaclim-Factsheet_Maroc_THLe-jardin-pedagogique-de-Dar-Bouazza-V01_CARI.pdf Consulted online 8 October 2021 | Peri-urban | ||
43. | Flahty bla dwa | Morocco | https://www.hellorganic.com/listing/flahti-bla-dwa/ Consulted online 4 August 2021 | Peri-urban | ||
44. | Expérimentation et sensibilisation à l’agroécologie pour les étudiants et les producteurs de la région (équipe de recherche AGREE) | 2017–2019 | Morocco | Milan Pact | https://letsfoodideas.com/fr/initiative/ecole-nationale-dagriculture-de-meknes-experimentation-et-sensibilisation-a-lagroecologie-pour-les-etudiants-et-les-producteurs-de-la-region-equipe-de-recherche-agree/ Consultedonline 18 October 2021 | Transversal |
45. | Forêt comestible: aménagement des oasis | Morocco | Personal communication | Oasis | ||
46. | AgricultuRE urbaine: végétalisation de la ville de Fes en potager | Morocco | https://letsfoodideas.com/fr/initiative/un-potager-sur-le-toit-de-la-medina-de-fes-lexemple-de-bonnie-kaplan/ Consultedonline 5 August 2021 | Peri-urban | ||
47. | Programme de revitalisation des territoires ruraux marocains par l’emploi des initiatives économiques locales dans le secteur agricole au Maroc (TREEA) | 2020–2025 | Morocco | AFD UE | https://www.agriculture.gov.ma/index.php/fr/focus/programme-mapmdrefafd-ue-dappui-la-strategie-agricole-marocaine-generation-green Consultedonline 5 August 2021 | Transversal |
48. | FOODLAND: Alimentation et Diversité Locale, Agricole et Nutritionnelle | 2020–2024 | Morocco, Tunisia | EU H2020 | https://foodland-africa.eu/ Consultedonline 2 December 2021 | Peri-urban |
49. | Réhabilitation des oasis de Taldnounte | 2002–2004 | Morocco | ALCESDAM | https://revue-sesame-inrae.fr/meme-les-oiseaux-sont-de-retour/ Consultedonline 11 August 2021 | Oasis |
50. | Avaclim value agroecology for drylands | 2020–2022 | Morocco | GEF and FFEM | https://avaclim.org/en/home/ Consultedonline 8 October 2021 | Transversal |
51. | Novel approaches to promote the SUSTAInability of OLIVE groves in theMediterranean | 2018–2021 | Morocco, Tunisia | EU Prima | https://sustainolive.eu/ Consultedonline 10 November 2021 | Transversal |
52. | Adapting Mediterranean Vegetable Cops to Climate Change-induced Multiple Stress/VEG-ADAPT | 2019–2023 | Morocco | EU Prima | https://www.veg-adapt.unito.it/ Consultedonline 10 November 2021 | Transversal |
53. | Optimising Subsidiary Crop Applications in Rotations OSCARS | 2012–2016 | Morocco | EU H2020 | https://cordis.europa.eu/docs/results/289/289277/final1-final-report-complete.pdf Consulted online 10 November 2021 | Cereal plain |
54. | Adapting Mediterranean Orchards—science-based design of resilient fruit tree portfolios for the Mediterranean region Adamedor | 2020–2023 | Morocco, Tunisia | EU Prima | https://mel.cgiar.org/projects/adamedor Consultedonline 15 November 2021 | Transversal |
55. | Programme d’actions concertées des oasis (PACO) au Maghreb et en zone saharienne | 2008–2020 | Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Mauritania | AFD | https://www.raddo.org/content/download/21424/457392/version/2/file/PACO4%202.pdf Consultedonline 10 November 2021 | Oasis |
56. | Projet d’initiative locale concertée pour le développement durable des oasis des communes d’Atar et de Tawaz (PICODEV) | 2018–2022 | Mauritania | EU and AFD | https://www.raddo.org/content/download/21354/456624/version/4/file/PICODEV%202.pdf Consulted online 8 October 2021 | Oasis |
57. | Gestion Adaptative et Suivi des systèmes oasiens au Maghreb (GASSOM) | 2017–2019 | Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia | GEF | https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/7ac977c5-9260-4672-8851-a6285cc4690d/content Consultedonline 4 August 2021 | Oasis |
58. | Territoires Engagés pour la Résilience des Oasis (TERO) | 2018–2020 | Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia | EU | https://www.raddo.org/content/download/21355/456649/version/3/file/TERO%202.pdf Consultedonline 9 October 2021 | Oasis |
59. | Mauritanie: les défis d’une production agricole locale | 2012–now | Mauritania | CSFI | https://www.cfsi.asso.fr/projet/mauritanie-defis-dune-production-agricole-locale/#presentation Consultedonline 17 October 2021 | Irrigated |
60. | projet de développement durable des oasis: Aménagement d’une palmeraie | 2007 | Mauritania | FADES | https://www.gefieo.org/sites/default/files/documents/projects/tes/3379-terminal-evaluation.pdf Consultedonline 18 October 2021 | Oasis |
61. | Réduction des polluants organiques persistants (POP) dans les fleuves Niger et Sénégal | 2009 | Mauritania | FEM and PNUE | https://www.fao.org/agriculture/ippm/projects/mauritania/fr/ Consultedonline 17 October 2021 | Irrigated |
62. | Initiative pour l’amélioration de la production de riz en Afrique de l’Ouest | 2010–2013 | Mauritania | FAO | https://www.fao.org/agriculture/ippm/projects/regional/gcp-raf-453-spa/fr/#:~:text=L’initiative%20s’est%20concentr%C3%A9e,un%20riz%20de%20haute%20qualit%C3%A9. Consulted online 18 October 2021 | Irrigated |
63. | Appui à la culture maraîchère en Mauritanie | 2015–2017 | Mauritania | FAO | ms/106ec63c-5f14-4ad6-a3cb-03774bc525d0/content Consulted online 17 October 2021 | Peri-urban |
64. | Programme de renforcement de la résilience des communautés urbaines et rurales vulnérables en Mauritanie SAFIRE | 2019–2023 | Mauritania | EU | https://procasur.org/fr/projet-safire-securite-alimentaire-formation-insertion-resilience-emploi-mauritanie-2/#:~:text=Route%20R%C3%A9gionale%20d’apprentissage%20G5,au%20changement%20climatique%20en%20Mauritanie. Consulted online 18 October 2021 | Peri-urban |
65. | Conservation et Gestion Adaptative des Systèmes Ingénieux du Patrimoine Agricole Mondial: système pilote: oasis historique de Gafsa” | 2012–2014 | Tunisia | FAO and GEF and PNUD | https://openknowledge.fao.org/bitstreams/1d9f5775-b860-4c24-a612-777bbe6192fd/download Consultedonline 15 August 2021 | Oasis |
66. | Le système ingénieux des jardins suspendus de “Djebba el Olia”: Un système agroforestier de montagne | 2020 | Tunisia | FAO | https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/43868eb6-2186-475f-8cf7-3bcfc09f57df/content Consulted online 15 August 2021 | Mountains |
67. | « Systèmes culturaux en ramli dans les lagunes de Ghar El Melh, Tunisie » | 2020 | Tunisia | FAO | https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/e36634b2-110a-45ee-aa53-8518e211c9a4/content Consultedonline 15 August 2021 | Transversal |
68. | Réhabilitation des oasis de Chenini (1997–1998); (2000–2001); (2009–2011); (2012–2014) | 1997–2014 | Tunisia | GEF PNUD | https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/7ac977c5-9260-4672-8851-a6285cc4690d/content Consultedonline 3 August 2021 | Oasis |
69. | Projet d’Appui au Développement de l’Agriculture de Conservation PADAC | 2002–2004 | Tunisia | FFEM, then AFD | https://www.fert.fr/v2/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ETUDE-SD-TUNISIE_Fert_Oct-2016-.pdf Consultedonline 5 September 2021 | Cereal plain |
70. | Projet de développement agricole intégré dans le gouvernorat de Siliana | 1995–2005 | Tunisia | IFAD | https://www.ifad.org/fr/-/document/president-s-report-projet-de-developpement-agricole-integre-dans-le-gouvernorat-de-siliana Consultedonline 5 September 2021 | Cereal plain |
71. | Organic Ecosystem « Renforcement de l’écosystème biologique transfrontalier en renforçantles alliances agro-alimentaires » | 2019–2022 | Tunisia | EU | http://www.enicbcmed.eu/projects/organic-ecosystem Consultedonline 5 September 2021 | Transversal |
72. | Research-based participatory approaches for adopting Conservation Agriculture in the Mediterranean Area (CAMA) | 2019–2023 | Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco | EU PRIMA | http://www.camamed.eu/ Consultedonline 15 October 2021 | Cereal plain |
73. | Camelina: a Cash Cover Crop Enhancing water and soil conservation in MEDiterranean dry-farming systems | 2020–2023 | Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco | EU PRIMA | https://www.4cemed.eu/accueil/ Consulted online 15 October 2021 | Cereal plain |
74. | PAPS—Eau, Agriculture de Conservation en pluvial | 2015–2018 | Tunisia | EU | EU report—personal communication | Cereal plain |
75. | PAPS—Eau, Itinéraire technique pour une céréaliculture biosaline durable au Sud-Est tunisien | 2016–2018 | Tunisia | EU | EU report—personal communication | Cereal plain |
76. | PAPS—Eau, Renforcement de l’agriculture pluviale au travers les techniques et les ouvrages de CES | 2016–2018 | Tunisia | EU | EU report—personal communication | Cereal plain |
77. | GreenPalm: Development of sustainable date palm-based agro systems by preserving their biodiversity | 2020–2023 | Tunisia | EU H2020 | https://www.era-learn.eu/network-information/networks/prima/section-2-call-2019-multi-topic/development-of-sustainable-date-palm-based-agro-systems-by-preserving-their-biodiversity Consultedonline 15 November 2021 | Oasis |
78. | Vulnerabilities and adaptive capacities of Irrigated Agriculture in North Africa VIANA | 2018–2021 | Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco | ERA-Net ARIMNet | https://viana.cirad.fr/en/presentation Consultedonline 23 September 2021 | Irrigated |
79. | Programme d’adaptation au changement climatique des territoires ruraux | 2018–2024 | Tunisia | AFD FFEM | https://sites.google.com/site/pactegrntrvcctunisie/ Consultedonline 23 September 2021 | Transversal |
80. | SUPROMED: Sustainable production in water limited environments of mediterranean agro-ecosystem | 2019–2022 | Tunisia | EU PRIMA | https://www.supromed.eu/ Consulted online 15 October 2021 | Irrigated |
81. | Boomerang: Healthier bio-fortified Mediterranean grains | 2019–2022 | Algeria, Tunisia | EU PRIMA | https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/leap4fnssa-projects/178 Consultedonline 15 October 2021 | Transversal |
82. | Milk quality all along the dairy chain for a sustainable milk | 2019–2022 | Tunisia | EU PRIMA | https://milkqua.e Consultedonline 15 October 2021 | Transversal |
83. | Developing and managing floodplains in a context of global change | 2019–2022 | Morocco | AFD COSTEA | Personal communication | Transversal |
84. | Knowledge Hub for Organic Agriculture in North Africa | 2019–2023 | Egypt, Tunisia | BMZ | https://sekem.com/en/about/international-projects/knowledge-hub-for-organic-agriculture-north-africa/ Consultedonline 11 September 2021 | Transversal |
85. | Water Policy Reform Project (WPRP) | 1997–2002 | Egypt | USAID | https://om.ciheam.org/om/pdf/b48/05002288.pdf Consultedonline 11 December 2021 | Irrigated |
86. | Irrigation improvement project | 1985–1988 | Egypt | USAID | https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDAAS672.pdf Consultedonline 2 October 2021 | Irrigated |
87. | Water use and management project | 1977–1984 | Egypt | USAID | https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaas853.pdf Consultedonline 2 October 2021 | Irrigated |
88. | Efficient use and management of conventional and non-conventional water resources through smart technologies applied to improve the quality and safety of Mediterranean agriculture in semi-arid areas WATERMED 4.0 | 2019–2022 | Algeria | EU PRIMA | https://www.watermed-project.eu/ Consultedonline 17 October 2021 | Transversal |
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HLPE Principles (2019) | FAO Elements (2018) | Scales |
---|---|---|
Improve resource efficiency | ||
| Recycling | FI, FA |
| Efficiency | FA, FO |
Building resilience | ||
| FIE | |
| FI, FA | |
| (Part of) Diversity | FI, FA |
| Synergy | FI, FA |
| (Part of) Diversity | FA, FO |
Ensuring fairness/social responsibility | ||
| Co-creation | FA, FO |
| Social and human values Food culture and traditions. | FA, FO |
| Circular Economy and Solidarity | FA |
| Lead, Governance | FA, FO |
| Lead, Governance | FA, FO |
| Lead, Governance | FO |
Sustainable Agriculture Projects (Number of Projects Identified) | Total | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rainfed Cereal Plains | Mountain | Oasis | Peri-Urban | Nile Valley and Other Irrigated Areas (Excluding Oases) | Cross-Cutting Projects | |
13 | 3 | 20 | 12 | 19 | 21 | 88 |
Cereal Plains | Irrigated Valleys | Mountains | Oasis | Peri-Urban | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Improve resource efficiency | |||||
Recycling | + | + | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Reduction of chemical inputs | + | ++ | + | + | ++ |
Resilience | |||||
Soil health | ++ | + | ++ | + | + |
Animal Health * | |||||
Biodiversity | + | ++ | ++ | + | |
Synergies | + | + | ++ | ++ | + |
Diversification | + | + | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Social responsibility | |||||
Co-creation of knowledge | + | + | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Social values and diets | + | + | + | ||
Connectivity | + | + | + | ||
Justice | |||||
Land and Natural Resource Governance | + | ||||
Participation | + | + | + | + | + |
Agrosystems | Plot/Farm | Scaling up Territory/Food System | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Efficiency | Substitution | Redesign (Including through the Adoption/Integration of “Traditional” Practices) | Value Chains: Reconnecting with Consumers | Territory: Developments and Actors’ Networks | |
Rainfed cereal plains | Rational use of pesticides Integrated pest management | No-till Crop rotation Permanent Coverage Introduction (or reintroduction) of pulses into rotations | Integration of crops and livestock activities Mulch, manure | Creation of producer associations Training and extension Advisory services Fertilization agreement between landless herders and cereal farmers Regional networking of project stakeholders and capitalization Efforts to build or adapt agricultural equipment locally (in particular for no-till seeding) | |
Irrigated valleys | Drip Supplemental irrigation Rational and localized use of pesticides Integrated pest management Reuse of runoff water (drainage) | Crop associations (and intercropping) Crop rotation (forage species in rotations) Manure incorporation Biological control. Crop auxiliaries: Monitoring and account, Use of biopesticides, sulphur and microbial fungicides, Bait and insect traps. Cover: mulch | Crop diversification: association of medicinal and aromatic plants Agroforestry Dry rice Integration of crops and livestock activities Adaptation of the crop calendar for livestock feed Beekeeping (integrated into crop production) | Creation of associations for the promotion of production (access to the market) Development of short value chains and digital marketing | Landscaping: land levelling (raised beds, clay amendment, soil restoration) to facilitate the reuse of runoff water downstream of irrigated fields (drainage) Creation and strengthening of user associations for local water management Introduction of water accounting Farmer field school, training and extension (good cultural practices, post-harvest conservation) |
Peri-urban | Drip irrigation Rational use of pesticides Integrated pest management Windbreaks | Crop rotation Crop auxiliaries Manual weed management Use of manure Use of crop residues, liquid organic fertilizer, soil amendment Biological control Manufacture of natural inputs, biopesticides Reuse of treated non-conventional water (phyto-purification, etc.) | Crop associations Intercropping Relay cultures Grass strips around the plots Multi-purpose hedges Agroforestry Integrated breeding Breeding/production of local varieties and seeds Crops on mounds, vegetable gardens on roofs | Short value chains: direct sales at the farm, contracts between producers and consumers, food hubs Local, national and international labelling: Valorization of medicinal and aromatic plants and dairy products Agrotourism | Farmer field school, experimental farms Structuring cooperatives Participation in fairs, regional events |
Mountains | Rational and localized use of pesticides Integrated pest management | Manufacture of natural inputs, biopesticides Crop combination: arboriculture, vegetable crops and legumes Use of manure Use of auxiliary plants as natural repellents | Agroforestry: gardens, orchards (arboriculture and forest trees) Terraced crops Integrated livestock farming Medicinal and aromatic plants (wild and cultivated) Beekeeping Selection of local varieties and seeds | Organic labelling Valorization of aromatic and medicinal plant products Local labelling: Valorization of dairy products Short value chains Direct sale at the farm | Landscaping: terraced crops, gardens, orchards Promotion and development of women associations and cooperatives Training in good practices Organization of events, festivals around local products |
Oasis | Rational and localized use of pesticides Integrated pest management Drip irrigation Windbreak | No tillage Biological and non-chemical pest control (coarse salt, ash, lime, forage cabbage) Rotation: introduction of alfalfa and corn (to feed animals and enhance soil protection) Composting, use of manure Cover: mulch | Multi-layer cropping Diversification of crop varieties (palm groves) and management of local seeds Integrated livestock farming Beekeeping Fertilization by dry palms and alluvium Reuse of poor-quality dates (livestock feed) | Organic labelling Local and international labelling Valorization of date by-products (paste, vinegar, etc.) Tables d’hôte and short platforms (=digital marketing) Valorization of aromatic and medicinal plant products Valorization of agri-food products such as dairy products, jams (processing), etc. | Landscaping: construction of bunds (flood water retention basin), banks and terraces, revegetation of banks and sandy areas, management of peri oasian rangelands Rehabilitation of traditional irrigation systems and reorganization of the water turns Reuse of non-conventional water Creation of training centres (composting, etc.). Strengthening the socio-economic and solidarity structures of rural women Consolidation of the Oasis’ sustainable development associative networks |
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Requier-Desjardins, M.; Boughamoura, O.; Lemaître-Curri, E. Characterizing Agroecology in North Africa, a Review of 88 Sustainable Agriculture Projects. Land 2024, 13, 1457. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091457
Requier-Desjardins M, Boughamoura O, Lemaître-Curri E. Characterizing Agroecology in North Africa, a Review of 88 Sustainable Agriculture Projects. Land. 2024; 13(9):1457. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091457
Chicago/Turabian StyleRequier-Desjardins, Mélanie, Olfa Boughamoura, and Elen Lemaître-Curri. 2024. "Characterizing Agroecology in North Africa, a Review of 88 Sustainable Agriculture Projects" Land 13, no. 9: 1457. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091457