Hydrogeochemical Behavior of Reclaimed Highly Reactive Tailings, Part 2: Laboratory and Field Results of Covers Made with Mine Waste Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Summary of the Material Characterization Results
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Construction and Instrumentation of the CCBE Column and Field Cell
3.2. Oxygen Flux Measurements
3.2.1. Oxygen Consumption Tests Method
3.2.2. Oxygen Gradient Method
3.2.3. Sulfate-Release Method
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Hydrogeological Behavior
4.1.1. Degree of Saturation
4.1.2. Suction Values
4.1.3. Post-Testing Measurements and in Situ Water Retention Curves (WRCs)
4.2. Water Quality
4.2.1. Laboratory Columns
4.2.2. Field Experimental Cells
4.3. Oxygen Fluxes
4.3.1. Oxygen Consumption Test
4.3.2. Oxygen Gradient Method
4.3.3. Sulfate-Release Method
5. Cover Efficiency
5.1. Efficiency with Respect to Controlling Contaminant Generation
5.2. Efficiency with Respect to Controlling Oxygen Fluxes at the Base of the CCBE
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Reactive Tailings (TR) | Low-Sulfide Tailings (TG) | Waste Rock (WP) | Waste Rock (WL) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mineralogy | Quartz 53% | Albite 52% | Quartz 68% | Albite 38% |
Pyrite 24% | Quartz 22% | Albite 27% | Quartz 34% | |
Albite 8.2% | Chlorite 13% | Muscovite 3.4% | Chlorite 14% | |
Pyrrhotite 4.5% | Calcite 8.7% | Pyrite 1.4% | Actinolite 5% | |
Chlorite 4.4% | Muscovite 2.8% | Calcite 4% | ||
Sphalerite 2% | Dolomite 1.2% | Pyrite 0.5% | ||
Other 4.5% | Other 1.2% | |||
Stotal | 17% | 0.13% | 0.61% | 0.21% |
Ctotal | 0.03% | 0.85% | 0.14% | 0.26% |
NNP | −528 | 67 | −7 | 15 |
Kr | 3.2 × 10−4/s | 4.2 × 10−6/s | - | - |
USCS classification | Plastic silt (ML) | ML | well-graded sand (SW) | SW |
GS (-) | 3.22 | 2.68 | 2.72 | 2.76 |
ksat (cm/s) | 2 × 10−4 | 5 × 10−5 | 3 × 10−2 | 2 × 10−2 |
Monitoring Settings | Laboratory Column | Field Cell | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Equipment | Details | Equipment | Details | |
Hydrogeological parameters | ||||
θ | EC5 and GS3 | Accuracy: ±0.03; specific calibration curves | 5TM and GS3 | Accuracy: ±0.03; specific calibration curves |
ψ | WATERMARK sensors | Accuracy: ±1 kPa; measurement range: 0–200 kPa | WATERMARK sensors | Accuracy: ±1 kPa; measurement range: 0–200 kPa |
O2 consumption test (OCT) | 10 cm void above column and an apogee SO-110 oxygen sensor | Precision (good for oxygen flux >10 moles of O2/m2/yr). Allow to measure a nearly instantaneous oxygen flux | 15 cm cylinder and an apogee SO-110 oxygen sensor | Precision (good for oxygen flux >10 moles of O2/m2/yr). Allow to measure a nearly instantaneous oxygen flux |
O2 gradient method | Not measured | Sampling tubes, optical sensor, and OXY 10 system | ||
Exfiltration water | Bucket | Tote tank | ||
Water quality parameters | ||||
pH, EC, and temperature | Oakton pHTestr®30 tester | Accuracy: ±0.01 (pH) and ±0.5% (EC). | Oakton pHTestr®30 tester | Accuracy: ±0.01 (pH) and ±0.5% (EC). |
Eh | Oakton ORPTestr®30 tester | Range: −999 mV to 1000 mV Resolution: 1 mV Accuracy: ±2 mV | Oakton ORPTestr®30 tester | Range: −999 mV to 1000 mV Resolution: 1 mV Accuracy: ±2 mV |
Alkalinity and acidity | Metrohm 848 Titrino plus automatic titrator | High precision and accuracy (±15%.) | Metrohm 848 Titrino plus automatic titrator | High precision and accuracy (±15%). |
Sulfate anion | 850 Professional IC Anion–MCS | Detection limit: 1 mg/L | 850 Professional IC Anion–MCS | Detection limit: 1 mg/L |
Metals concentration | ICP-AES analysis | Detection limit depending of the chemical elements (0.001 to 0.1 mg/L) | ICP-AES analysis | Detection limit depending of the chemical elements (0.001–0.1 mg/L) |
Overview of Suction | Laboratory Column | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Suctions (kPa) | TG—0.50 m | TG—0.80 m | TR | WL | WP |
Min/Max | 12/18 | 7/16 | 0/27 | 5/80 | 1/10 |
Mean | 16 | 14 | 6 | 32 | 8 |
Field experimental cell | |||||
Min/Max | 2/26 | 1/23 | 2/18 | 3/27 | 3/19 |
Mean | 13 | 9 | 9 | 15 | 10 |
Physicochemical Parameters | Lab Control Column | Lab Column with CCBE | Field Control Cell | Field Cell with CCBE | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min/Max | Mean | STD | Min/Max | Mean | STD | Min/Max | Mean | STD | Min/Max | Mean | STD | |
pH | 1.2/2.0 | 1.6 | 0.23 | 1.9/7.8 | 5.4 | 1.7 | 1.1/5.1 | 2.3 | 0.77 | 5.1/7.5 | 6.5 | 0.56 |
Fe (mg/L) | 65/3210 | 1560 | 1142 | 1.7/1400 | 373 | 424 | 495/14700 | 4325 | 4050 | 9.5/491 | 140 | 148 |
Zn (mg/L) | 7/2940 | 230 | 662 | 0/232 | 29 | 73 | 57/368 | 163 | 100 | 4.3/40 | 16 | 14 |
Sulfates (mg/L) | 1533/22,000 | 6300 | 4424 | 364/25,951 | 3523 | 5511 | 4660/47,644 | 18,022 | 10,083 | 58/3559 | 2219 | 896 |
Ca (mg/L) | 23/660 | 300 | 214 | 427/693 | 557 | 71.4 | 307/447 | 369 | 41 | 491/614 | 540 | 35 |
Mg (mg/L) | 0.8/400 | 50 | 87 | 17/80 | 43 | 20 | 69/621 | 298 | 150 | 57/104 | 76 | 15 |
As (mg/L) | 0.06/0.48 | 0.14 | 0.12 | <DLM | N.D. | N.D. | 0.06/34 | 3.9 | 7.5 | <DLM | N.D. | N.D. |
Cu (mg/L) | 8.53/72 | 32 | 19 | <DLM | N.D. | N.D. | 0.3/73 | 15 | 15 | <DLM | N.D. | N.D. |
Ni (mg/L) | 0.028/30 | 2.0 | 7.0 | 0.004/2.75 | 0.36 | 0.86 | 0.7/3.0 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 0.02/0.33 | 0.11 | 0.06 |
Pb (mg/L) | 0.13/2.0 | 0.5 | 0.40 | 0.020/0.76 | 0.30 | 0.28 | 0.34/35 | 7.0 | 0.79 | <DLM | N.D. | N.D. |
S (mg/L) | 650/7600 | 2100 | 1527 | 516/1660 | 855 | 14 | 0.1/11,900 | 5618 | 3615 | 0.1/933 | 674 | 223 |
EC (mS/cm) | 2.5/11 | 5 | 2.3 | 1.2/14 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 4.2/20 | 10 | 4.3 | 1.4/7.7 | 2.8 | 1.2 |
Alkalinity | <DLM | N.D. | N.D. | 0/147 | 44 | 58 | <DLM | N.D. | N.D. | 1/219 | 95 | 85 |
Acidity | 900/14,000 | 1500 | 3542 | 21/1470 | 553 | 481 | 447/34,020 | 15864 | 11128 | 23/1136 | 360 | 375 |
Parameters | Analytical Solution | Oxygen Gradient Method | Sulfate-Release Method | Oxygen Consumption Test Method | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lab column | Field cell | Lab column | Field cell | Lab column | Field cell | Lab column | Field cell | |
Porosity (n) | 0.39 | 0.40 | ||||||
Effective diffusion coefficients (De, m2/s) | 2 × 10−12 | 2 × 10−11 | ||||||
Pyrite content over mass of dry tailings (Cp, kg/kg) | 2.5 × 10−3 | 2.5 × 10−3 | ||||||
Fcontrol (moles/m2/yr) | 650 | 750 | 650 | 750 | 650 | 750 | 650 | 750 |
Fbase cover (moles/m2/yr) | 1 × 10−3 | 6 × 10−3 | N.C. | 4.5 × 10−1 | 49 | 28 | 25 | 35 |
Efficiency (%) | 99.9 | 99.9 | N.C. | 99.9 | 92.5 | 96.3 | 96.2 | 95.3 |
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Kalonji-Kabambi, A.; Bussière, B.; Demers, I. Hydrogeochemical Behavior of Reclaimed Highly Reactive Tailings, Part 2: Laboratory and Field Results of Covers Made with Mine Waste Materials. Minerals 2020, 10, 589. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10070589
Kalonji-Kabambi A, Bussière B, Demers I. Hydrogeochemical Behavior of Reclaimed Highly Reactive Tailings, Part 2: Laboratory and Field Results of Covers Made with Mine Waste Materials. Minerals. 2020; 10(7):589. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10070589
Chicago/Turabian StyleKalonji-Kabambi, Alex, Bruno Bussière, and Isabelle Demers. 2020. "Hydrogeochemical Behavior of Reclaimed Highly Reactive Tailings, Part 2: Laboratory and Field Results of Covers Made with Mine Waste Materials" Minerals 10, no. 7: 589. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10070589