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Minerals
Volume 11
Issue 7
10.3390/min11070771
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Article

Revealing Artists’ Collaboration in a 14th Century Manuscript by Non-Invasive Analyses

by
Michela Perino
1,*,
Lucilla Pronti
2,
Lucrezia Gaia Di Forti
1,
Martina Romani
2,
Cecilia Taverna
2,
Lola Massolo
3,
Francesca Manzari
4,
Mariangela Cestelli-Guidi
2,
Alessandro Nucara
5 and
Anna Candida Felici
1
1
Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI), Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
2
Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati–INFN, 00044 Frascati, Italy
3
Vatican Apostolic Library, 00120 Vatican City State, Italy
4
Department of Letters and Modern Cultures, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
5
Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Minerals 2021, 11(7), 771; https://doi.org/10.3390/min11070771
Submission received: 19 June 2021 / Revised: 9 July 2021 / Accepted: 13 July 2021 / Published: 16 July 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spectral Behavior of Mineral Pigments)
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Abstract

In the last decades, the working methods of late medieval illuminators have been widely discussed by art historians and codicologists. Non-invasive analyses are able to characterise the painting methods of illuminators as well as investigate artistic collaborations among them. The aim of this study was to characterise the painting palettes and techniques of different artists who illuminated two leaves from an early fourteenth century manuscript. The analyses were carried out with non-invasive and portable techniques such as Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectrometry, Fiber Optics Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS) and Raman spectroscopy. The paper highlights the differences among three rich and varied palettes and examines the pigments ultramarine, azurite, verdigris, earths, orpiment, red lead, vermillion, lead white, yellow lake, indigo, brazilwood and lac, used independently or in mixtures. We have demonstrated the effectiveness of non-invasive analyses as a tool to differentiate hands of artists who have worked on the same page. Furthermore, the comparison with analyses carried out on leaves attributed to the workshop of Pacino di Bonaguida allows to investigate in-depth the production of the main illuminators active in Florence at the dawn of the Renaissance.
Keywords: illuminated manuscript; azurite; ultramarine; orpiment; vergaut; vermillion; lac; FORS; XRF; Raman spectroscopy illuminated manuscript; azurite; ultramarine; orpiment; vergaut; vermillion; lac; FORS; XRF; Raman spectroscopy

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MDPI and ACS Style

Perino, M.; Pronti, L.; Di Forti, L.G.; Romani, M.; Taverna, C.; Massolo, L.; Manzari, F.; Cestelli-Guidi, M.; Nucara, A.; Felici, A.C. Revealing Artists’ Collaboration in a 14th Century Manuscript by Non-Invasive Analyses. Minerals 2021, 11, 771. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11070771

AMA Style

Perino M, Pronti L, Di Forti LG, Romani M, Taverna C, Massolo L, Manzari F, Cestelli-Guidi M, Nucara A, Felici AC. Revealing Artists’ Collaboration in a 14th Century Manuscript by Non-Invasive Analyses. Minerals. 2021; 11(7):771. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11070771

Chicago/Turabian Style

Perino, Michela, Lucilla Pronti, Lucrezia Gaia Di Forti, Martina Romani, Cecilia Taverna, Lola Massolo, Francesca Manzari, Mariangela Cestelli-Guidi, Alessandro Nucara, and Anna Candida Felici. 2021. "Revealing Artists’ Collaboration in a 14th Century Manuscript by Non-Invasive Analyses" Minerals 11, no. 7: 771. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11070771

APA Style

Perino, M., Pronti, L., Di Forti, L. G., Romani, M., Taverna, C., Massolo, L., Manzari, F., Cestelli-Guidi, M., Nucara, A., & Felici, A. C. (2021). Revealing Artists’ Collaboration in a 14th Century Manuscript by Non-Invasive Analyses. Minerals, 11(7), 771. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11070771

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