Syn-Tectonic Dolomite U-Pb Geochronology Constraining Intracontinental Deformation: A Case Study from the Gelouang Gold Deposit in the Qinling Orogen, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Setting
3. Samples and Methods
3.1. Sampling Description
3.2. Analtical Methods
4. Results
5. Discussion
5.1. Interpretations of Dolomite U-Pb Ages
5.2. Implications for Intracontinental Orogen
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- Dolomite from veins along the fault plane was dated with the U-Pb system, yielding ages of 112 ± 4 Ma and 115 ± 4 Ma, which we interpret as reflecting syn-deformational precipitation of the dolomite.
- (2)
- The new geochronological finding constrains the post-orogenic phase of faulting correlated with intracontinental extensional regime in the Qinling Orogen during the Early Cretaceous. This event exhibits an inevitable response to the tectonic evolution on a regional scale.
- (3)
- We suggest that U-Pb dating of carbonates like dolomite can constrain the absolute timing of fault motion.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Haines, S.H.; van der Pluijm, B.A. Dating the detachment fault system of the Ruby Mountains, Nevada: Significance for the kinematics of low-angle normal faults. Tectonics 2010, 29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Viola, G.; Scheiber, T.; Fredin, O.; Zwingmann, H.; Margreth, A.; Knies, J. Deconvoluting complex structural histories archived in brittle fault zones. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 13448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zwingmann, H.; Mancktelow, N. Timing of Alpine fault gouges. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2004, 223, 415–425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Q.; Parrish, R.; Horstwood, M.; McArthur, J. U–Pb dating of cements in Mesozoic ammonites. Chem. Geol. 2014, 376, 76–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Roberts, N.M.; Walker, R.J. U-Pb geochronology of calcite-mineralized faults: Absolute timing of rift-related fault events on the northeast Atlantic margin. Geology 2016, 44, 531–534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rasbury, E.T.; Present, T.M.; Northrup, P.; Tappero, R.V.; Lanzirotti, A.; Cole, J.M.; Wooton, K.M.; Hatton, K. Tools for uranium characterization in carbonate samples: Case studies of natural U–Pb geochronology reference materials. Geochronology 2021, 3, 103–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, Y.; Gao, J.; Lan, T.; Cui, K.; Han, J.; Zhang, X.; Chen, Y.; Chen, Y. In situ low-U garnet U-Pb dating by LA-SF-ICP-MS and its application in constraining the origin of Anji skarn system combined with Ar-Ar dating and Pb isotopes. Ore Geol. Rev. 2021, 130, 103970. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, R.; Lehmann, B.; Seltmann, R.; Sun, W.; Li, C. Cassiterite U-Pb geochronology constrains magmatic-hydrothermal evolution in complex evolved granite systems: The classic Erzgebirge tin province (Saxony and Bohemia). Geology 2017, 45, 1095–1098. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roberts, N.; Drost, K.; Horstwood, M.; Condon, D.; Drake, H.; Milodowski, A.; Mclean, N.; Smye, A.; Haslam, R.; Hodson, K. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb carbonate geochronology: Strategies, progress, and application to fracture-fill calcite. Geochronol. Discuss. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ring, U.; Gerdes, A. Kinematics of the Alpenrhein-Bodensee graben system in the Central Alps: Oligocene/Miocene transtension due to formation of the Western Alps arc. Tectonics 2016, 35, 1367–1391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hansman, R.J.; Albert, R.; Gerdes, A.; Ring, U. Absolute ages of multiple generations of brittle structures by U-Pb dating of calcite. Geology 2018, 46, 207–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nuriel, P.; Weinberger, R.; Kylander-Clark, A.; Hacker, B.; Craddock, J. The onset of the Dead Sea transform based on calcite age-strain analyses. Geology 2017, 45, 587–590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nuriel, P.; Wotzlaw, J.-F.; Ovtcharova, M.; Vaks, A.; Stremtan, C.; Šala, M.; Roberts, N.M.; Kylander-Clark, A.R. The use of ASH-15 flowstone as a matrix-matched reference material for laser-ablation U− Pb geochronology of calcite. Geochronology 2021, 3, 35–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mottram, C.M.; Kellett, D.A.; Barresi, T.; Zwingmann, H.; Friend, M.; Todd, A.; Percival, J. Syncing fault rock clocks: Direct comparison of U-Pb carbonate and K-Ar illite fault dating methods. Geology 2020, 48, 1179–1183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Coogan, L.A.; Parrish, R.R.; Roberts, N.M. Early hydrothermal carbon uptake by the upper oceanic crust: Insight from in situ U-Pb dating. Geology 2016, 44, 147–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Godeau, N.; Deschamps, P.; Guihou, A.; Leonide, P.; Tendil, A.; Gerdes, A.; Hamelin, B.; Girard, J.-P. U-Pb dating of calcite cement and diagenetic history in microporous carbonate reservoirs: Case of the Urgonian Limestone, France. Geology 2018, 46, 247–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mangenot, X.; Gasparrini, M.; Gerdes, A.; Bonifacie, M.; Rouchon, V. An emerging thermochronometer for carbonate-bearing rocks:∆ 47/(U-Pb). Geology 2018, 46, 1067–1070. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- MacDonald, J.; Faithfull, J.; Roberts, N.; Davies, A.; Holdsworth, C.; Newton, M.; Williamson, S.; Boyce, A.; John, C. Clumped-isotope palaeothermometry and LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating of lava-pile hydrothermal calcite veins. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 2019, 174, 63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shen, A.; Hu, A.; Cheng, T.; Liang, F.; Pan, W.; Feng, Y.; Zhao, J. Laser ablation in situ U-Pb dating and its application to diagenesis-porosity evolution of carbonate reservoirs. Pet. Explor. Dev. 2019, 46, 1127–1140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, P.; Wu, G.; Nuriel, P.; Nguyen, A.D.; Chen, Y.; Yang, S.; Feng, Y.-x.; Ren, Z.; Zhao, J.-x. In situ LA-ICPMS UPb dating and geochemical characterization of fault-zone calcite in the central Tarim Basin, northwest China: Implications for fluid circulation and fault reactivation. Chem. Geol. 2021, 568, 120125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deng, J.; Yang, L.-Q.; Groves, D.I.; Zhang, L.; Qiu, K.-F.; Wang, Q.-F. An integrated mineral system model for the gold deposits of the giant Jiaodong province, eastern China. Earth Sci. Rev. 2020, 208, 103274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, Y.; Cai, C.; Liu, D.; Pederson, C.L.; Jiang, L.; Shen, A.; Immenhauser, A. Formation, diagenesis and palaeoenvironmental significance of upper Ediacaran fibrous dolomite cements. Sedimentology 2020, 67, 1161–1187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mueller, M.; Igbokwe, O.A.; Walter, B.; Pederson, C.L.; Riechelmann, S.; Richter, D.K.; Albert, R.; Gerdes, A.; Buhl, D.; Neuser, R.D. Testing the preservation potential of early diagenetic dolomites as geochemical archives. Sedimentology 2020, 67, 849–881. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Roberts, N.M.; Lee, J.K.; Holdsworth, R.E.; Jeans, C.; Farrant, A.R.; Haslam, R. Near-surface Palaeocene fluid flow, mineralisation and faulting at Flamborough Head, UK: New field observations and U–Pb calcite dating constraints. Solid Earth 2020, 11, 1931–1945. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salih, N.; Mansurbeg, H.; Kolo, K.; Gerdes, A.; Préat, A. In situ U-Pb dating of hydrothermal diagenesis in tectonically controlled fracturing in the Upper Cretaceous Bekhme Formation, Kurdistan Region-Iraq. Int. Geol. Rev. 2020, 62, 2261–2279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luo, K.; Zhou, J.-X.; Feng, Y.-X.; Uysal, I.T.; Nguyen, A.; Zhao, J.-X.; Zhang, J. In situ U-Pb dating of calcite from the South China antimony metallogenic belt. Iscience 2020, 23, 101575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jin, X.-Y.; Zhao, J.-X.; Feng, Y.-X.; Hofstra, A.H.; Deng, X.-D.; Zhao, X.-F.; Li, J.-W. Calcite U-Pb dating unravels the age and hydrothermal history of the giant Shuiyindong Carlin-type gold deposit in the golden triangle, South China. Econ. Geol. 2021, 116, 1253–1265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deng, J.; Qiu, K.-F.; Wang, Q.-F.; Goldfarb, R.; Yang, L.-Q.; Zi, J.-W.; Geng, J.-Z.; Ma, Y. In situ dating of hydrothermal monazite and implications for the geodynamic controls on ore formation in the Jiaodong gold province, eastern China. Econ. Geol. 2020, 115, 671–685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qiu, K.; Yu, H.; Wu, M.; Geng, J.; Ge, X.; Gou, Z.; Taylor, R.D. Discrete Zr and REE mineralization of the Baerzhe rare-metal deposit, China. Am. Mineral. J. Earth Planet. Mater. 2019, 104, 1487–1502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, H.-C.; Qiu, K.-F.; Hetherington, C.J.; Chew, D.; Huang, Y.-Q.; He, D.-Y.; Geng, J.-Z.; Xian, H.-Y. Apatite as an alternative petrochronometer to trace the evolution of magmatic systems containing metamict zircon. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 2021, 176, 68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, M.; Samon, I.; Qiu, K.; Zhang, D. Multi-stage metasomatic Zr mineralization in the world-class Baerzhe Rare earth element-Nb-Zr-Be deposit. Am. Miner. 2022, in press. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, M.; Samson, I.; Qiu, K.; Zhang, D. Concentration mechanisms of REE-Nb-Zr-Be mineralization in the Baerzhe deposit, NE China: Insights from textural and chemical features of amphibole and rare-metal minerals. Econ. Geol 2021, 116, 651–679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qiu, K.-F.; Yu, H.-C.; Hetherington, C.; Huang, Y.-Q.; Yang, T.; Deng, J. Tourmaline composition and boron isotope signature as a tracer of magmatic-hydrothermal processes. Am. Mineral. J. Earth Planet. Mater. 2021, 106, 1033–1044. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Long, Z.-Y.; Qiu, K.-F.; Santosh, M.; Yu, H.-C.; Jiang, X.-Y.; Zou, L.-Q.; Tang, D.-W. Fingerprinting the metal source and cycling of the world’s largest antimony deposit in Xikuangshan, China. GSA Bull. 2022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Qiu, K.F.; Müller, A.; Hou, Z.L.; Zhu, Z.H.; Yu, H.C. Machine Learning Prediction of Quartz Forming-Environments. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 2021, 126, e2021JB021925. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dong, Y.; Zhang, G.; Neubauer, F.; Liu, X.; Genser, J.; Hauzenberger, C. Tectonic evolution of the Qinling orogen, China: Review and synthesis. J. Asian Earth Sci. 2011, 41, 213–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dong, Y.; Santosh, M. Tectonic architecture and multiple orogeny of the Qinling Orogenic Belt, Central China. Gondwana Res. 2016, 29, 1–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, G.; Zhang, B.; Yuan, X.C.; Xiao, Q. Qinling Orogenic Belt and Continental Dynamics; Science Press: Beijing, China, 2001; (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Liu, J.; Zhang, P.; Lease, R.O.; Zheng, D.; Wan, J.; Wang, W.; Zhang, H. Eocene onset and late Miocene acceleration of Cenozoic intracontinental extension in the North Qinling range–Weihe graben: Insights from apatite fission track thermochronology. Tectonophysics 2013, 584, 281–296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dong, Y.; Yang, Z.; Liu, X.; Sun, S.; Li, W.; Cheng, B.; Zhang, F.; Zhang, X.; He, D.; Zhang, G. Mesozoic intracontinental orogeny in the Qinling Mountains, central China. Gondwana Res. 2016, 30, 144–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, S.; Raza, A.; Min, K.; Kohn, B.P.; Reiners, P.W.; Ketcham, R.A.; Wang, J.; Gleadow, A.J. Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic thermotectonic evolution along a transect from the north China craton through the Qinling orogen into the Yangtze craton, central China. Tectonics 2006, 25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, J.; Zhang, Y.; Dong, S.; Shi, W. Structural and geochronological constraints on the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the North Dabashan zone, South Qinling, central China. J. Asian Earth Sci. 2013, 64, 99–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heberer, B.; Anzenbacher, T.; Neubauer, F.; Genser, J.; Dong, Y.; Dunkl, I. Polyphase exhumation in the western Qinling Mountains, China: Rapid Early Cretaceous coosling along a lithospheric-scale tear fault and pulsed Cenozoic uplift. Tectonophysics 2014, 617, 31–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sun, S.; Dong, Y.; Cheng, C.; He, D.; Zhou, B.; Liu, X. Mesozoic intracontinental ductile shearing along the Paleozoic Shangdan suture in the Qinling Orogen: Constraints from deformation fabrics and geochronology. GSA Bull. 2022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qiu, K.F.; Deng, J. Petrogenesis of granitoids in the Dewulu skarn copper deposit: Implications for the evolution of the Paleotethys ocean and mineralization in Western Qinling, China. Ore Geol. Rev. 2017, 90, 1078–1098. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qiu, K.-F.; Yu, H.-C.; Deng, J.; McIntire, D.; Gou, Z.-Y.; Geng, J.-Z.; Chang, Z.-S.; Zhu, R.; Li, K.-N.; Goldfarb, R. The giant Zaozigou Au-Sb deposit in West Qinling, China: Magmatic-or metamorphic-hydrothermal origin? Mineral. Depos. 2020, 55, 345–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, H.-C.; Qiu, K.-F.; Pirajno, F.; Zhang, P.-C.; Dong, W.-Q. Revisiting Phanerozoic evolution of the Qinling Orogen (East Tethys) with perspectives of detrital zircon. Gondwana Res. 2022, 103, 426–444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, H.-C.; Qiu, K.-F.; Nassif, M.-T.; Geng, J.-Z.; Sai, S.-X.; Duo, D.-W.; Huang, Y.-Q.; Wang, J. Early orogenic gold mineralization event in the West Qinling related to closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean—Constraints from the Ludousou gold deposit, central. Ore Geol. Rev. 2020, 117, 103217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, L.-Q.; Deng, J.; Dilek, Y.; Qiu, K.-F.; Ji, X.-Z.; Li, N.; Taylor, R.D.; Yu, J.-Y. Structure, geochronology, and petrogenesis of the Late Triassic Puziba granitoid dikes in the Mianlue suture zone, Qinling orogen, China. GSA Bull. 2015, 127, 1831–1854. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qiu, K.-F.; Yu, H.-C.; Gou, Z.-Y.; Liang, Z.-L.; Zhang, J.-L.; Zhu, R. Nature and origin of Triassic igneous activity in the Western Qinling Orogen: The Wenquan composite pluton example. Int. Geol. Rev. 2018, 60, 242–266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qiu, K.-F.; Taylor, R.D.; Song, Y.-H.; Yu, H.-C.; Song, K.-R.; Li, N. Geologic and geochemical insights into the formation of the Taiyangshan porphyry copper–molybdenum deposit, Western Qinling Orogenic Belt, China. Gondwana Res. 2016, 35, 40–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dong, Y.; Zhang, G.; Hauzenberger, C.; Neubauer, F.; Yang, Z.; Liu, X. Palaeozoic tectonics and evolutionary history of the Qinling orogen: Evidence from geochemistry and geochronology of ophiolite and related volcanic rocks. Lithos 2011, 122, 39–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, J.; Chen, H.; Qu, H.; Wu, G.; Yang, J.; Zhang, Z. Mesozoic deformations of the Dabashan in the southern Qinling orogen, central China. J. Asian Earth Sci. 2012, 47, 171–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, W.; Zhang, Y.; Dong, S.; Hu, J.; Wiesinger, M.; Ratschbacher, L.; Jonckheere, R.; Li, J.; Tian, M.; Chen, H. Intra-continental Dabashan orocline, southwestern Qinling, central China. J. Asian Earth Sci. 2012, 46, 20–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, H.C.; Qiu, K.F.; Deng, J.; Zhu, R.; Mathieu, L.; Sai, S.X.; Sha, W.J. Exhuming and preserving epizonal orogenic Au-Sb deposits in rapidly uplifting orogenic settings. Tectonics 2022, 41, e2021TC007165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sui, J.; Li, J.; Jin, X.; Vasconcelos, P.; Zhu, R. 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb constraints on the age of the Zaozigou gold deposit, Xiahe-Hezuo district, West Qinling orogen, China: Relation to early Triassic reduced intrusions emplaced during slab rollback. Ore Geol. Rev. 2018, 101, 885–899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Luo, B.; Zhang, H.; Xu, W.; Yang, H.; Zhao, J.; Guo, L.; Zhang, L.; Tao, L.; Pan, F.; Gao, Z. The magmatic plumbing system for Mesozoic high-Mg andesites, garnet-bearing dacites and porphyries, rhyolites and leucogranites from West Qinling, central China. J. Petrol. 2018, 59, 447–482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jin, X.; Li, J.; Sui, J.; Wen, G.; Zhang, J. Geochronological and Geochemical Constraints on the Genesis and Tectonic Setting of Dewulu Intrusive Complex in Xiahe-Hezuo District of Western Qinling. J. Earth Sci. Environ. 2013, 35, 20–38, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Hou, G. Mechanism for three types of mafic dyke swarms. Geosci. Front. 2012, 3, 217–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Craddock, W.H.; Kirby, E.; Dewen, Z.; Jianhui, L. Tectonic setting of Cretaceous basins on the NE Tibetan Plateau: Insights from the Jungong basin. Basin Res. 2012, 24, 51–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mao, J.; Xie, G.; Zhang, Z.; Li, X.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, C.; Li, Y. Mesozoie large-scale metallogenic pulses in North China and corresponding geodynamic settings. Acta Petrol. Sin. 2005, 1, 169–188, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Yang, L.-Q.; Deng, J.; Qiu, K.-F.; Ji, X.-Z.; Santosh, M.; Song, K.-R.; Song, Y.-H.; Geng, J.-Z.; Zhang, C.; Hua, B. Magma mixing and crust–mantle interaction in the Triassic monzogranites of Bikou Terrane, central China: Constraints from petrology, geochemistry, and zircon U–Pb–Hf isotopic systematics. J. Asian Earth Sci. 2015, 98, 320–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deng, J.; Wang, Q. Gold mineralization in China: Metallogenic provinces, deposit types and tectonic framework. Gondwana Res. 2016, 36, 219–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, Y.; Qiu, K.; Yu, H.; Jin, D.; He, D.; Xiao, C.; Wang, Y. Petrogenesis of ore-hosting porphyry in the Gelouang gold deposit, West Qinling and its geological implications. Acta Petrol. Sin. 2020, 36, 1567–1585, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Roberts, N.M.; Rasbury, E.T.; Parrish, R.R.; Smith, C.J.; Horstwood, M.S.; Condon, D.J. A calcite reference material for LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2017, 18, 2807–2814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Guillong, M.; Wotzlaw, J.-F.; Looser, N.; Laurent, O. Evaluating the reliability of U–Pb laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) carbonate geochronology: Matrix issues and a potential calcite validation reference material. Geochronology 2020, 2, 155–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stacey, J.t.; Kramers, J. Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a two-stage model. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1975, 26, 207–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, Y.-J.; Morse, J.W. Calcite precipitation in synthetic veins: Implications for the time and fluid volume necessary for vein filling. Chem. Geol. 1999, 156, 151–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bons, P.D.; Elburg, M.A.; Gomez-Rivas, E. A review of the formation of tectonic veins and their microstructures. J. Struct. Geol. 2012, 43, 33–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bons, P.D. The formation of veins and their microstructures. J. Virtual Explor. 2000, 2, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fossen, H. Structural Geology; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Petit, J.-P.; Wibberley, C.A.; Ruiz, G. ‘Crack–seal’, slip: A new fault valve mechanism? J. Struct. Geol. 1999, 21, 1199–1207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roberts, N.M.; Holdsworth, R.E. Timescales of faulting through calcite geochronology: A review. J. Struct. Geol. 2022, 158, 104578. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramsay, J.G. The crack–seal mechanism of rock deformation. Nature 1980, 284, 135–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bons, P.D.; Montenari, M. The formation of antitaxial calcite veins with well-developed fibres, Oppaminda Creek, South Australia. J. Struct. Geol. 2005, 27, 231–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bons, A.-J.; Bons, P.D. The development of oblique preferred orientations in zeolite films and membranes. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2003, 62, 9–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caputo, R.; Hancock, P.L. Crack-jump mechanism of microvein formation and its implications for stress cyclicity during extension fracturing. J. Geodyn. 1998, 27, 45–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holland, M.; Urai, J.L. Evolution of anastomosing crack–seal vein networks in limestones: Insight from an exhumed high-pressure cell, Jabal Shams, Oman Mountains. J. Struct. Geol. 2010, 32, 1279–1290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Williams, R.T.; Mozley, P.S.; Sharp, W.D.; Goodwin, L.B. U-Th Dating of Syntectonic Calcite Veins Reveals the Dynamic Nature of Fracture Cementation and Healing in Faults. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2019, 46, 12900–12908. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oren, O.; Nuriel, P.; Kylander-Clark, A.R.; Haviv, I. Evolution and Propagation of an Active Plate Boundary: U-Pb Ages of Fault-Related Calcite From the Dead Sea Transform. Tectonics 2020, 39, e2019TC005888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roberts, N.; Drost, K.; Horstwood, M.; Condon, D.; Chew, D.; Drake, H.; Milodowski, A.; McLean, N.; Smye, A.; Walker, R.; et al. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb carbonate geochronology: Strategies, progress, and limitations. Geochronology 2020, 2, 33–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dong, Y.; Zha, X.; Fu, M.; Zhang, Q.; Yang, Z.; Zhang, Y. Characteristics of the Dabashan fold-thrust nappe structure at the southern margin of the Qinling, China. Geol. Bull. China 2008, 27, 1493–1508, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Guo, J.; Han, W.; Li, X. The cenozoic tectonic evolution of the West Qinling: Constraints on the uplift and deformation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Earth Sci. Front. 2009, 16, 215–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ratschbacher, L.; Franz, L.; Enkelmann, E.; Jonckheere, R.; Pörschke, A.; Hacker, B.R.; Dong, S.; Zhang, Y. The Sino-Korean-Yangtze suture, the Huwan detachment, and the Paleozoic-Tertiary exhumation of (ultra) high-pressure rocks along the Tongbai-Xinxian-Dabie Mountains. Spec. Pap.-Geol. Soc. Am. 2006, 403, 45. [Google Scholar]
- Shen, C.; Hu, D.; Shao, C.; Mei, L. Thermochronology quantifying exhumation history of the Wudang Complex in the South Qinling Orogenic Belt, central China. Geol. Mag. 2018, 155, 893–906. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goldfarb, R.; Qiu, K.-F.; Deng, J.; Chen, Y.; Yang, L. Orogenic gold deposits of China. SEG Spec. Publ. 2019, 22, 263–324. [Google Scholar]
- Qiu, K.-F.; Goldfarb, R.J.; Deng, J.; Yu, H.-C.; Gou, Z.-Y.; Ding, Z.-J.; Wang, Z.-K.; Li, D.-P. Gold deposits of the Jiaodong Peninsula, eastern China. SEG Spec. Publ. 2020, 23, 753–773. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, F.; Cawood, P.A.; Dong, Y.; Wang, Y. Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of Early Cretaceous andesitic–dacitic rocks, western Qinling (Central China): Geochronological and geochemical constraints. Geosci. Front. 2019, 10, 1507–1520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, X.; Zhao, T. Late Mesozoic magmatism and tectonic evolution in the Southern margin of the North China Craton. Sci. China Earth Sci. 2017, 60, 1959–1975. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, X.; Zhao, T.; Gao, J.; Xue, L.; Yuan, Z. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb ages, Hf isotopic composition and geochemistry of adakitic granites in the Xiaoqinling region, the south margin of the North China block. Geochimica 2012, 41, 303–325. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, F.; Xue, F.; Santosh, M.; Wang, G.; Kim, S.W.; Shen, Z.; Jia, W.; Zhang, X. Late Mesozoic magmatism in the East Qinling Orogen, China and its tectonic implications. Geosci. Front. 2019, 10, 1803–1821. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Isotopic Ratios | Data for Tera-Wasserburg Plot | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample No. | U | Pb | 207Pb/206Pb | 207Pb/235U | 206Pb/238U | 238U/206Pb | 207Pb/206Pb | |||||
(ppm) | (ppm) | Ratio | 2σ (%) | Ratio | 2σ (%) | Ratio | 2σ (%) | Ratio | 2σ (%) | Ratio | 2σ (%) | |
Samaple G28: 112± 4 Ma (MSWD = 0.8, n = 13) | ||||||||||||
G28-1 | 2.39 | 1.89 | 0.1567 | 36.6364 | 0.4053 | 31.4640 | 0.0188 | 18.9340 | 53.3126 | 18.9340 | 0.1567 | 36.6364 |
G28-2 | 0.84 | 0.93 | 0.3754 | 23.7790 | 1.2654 | 20.6608 | 0.0244 | 44.2151 | 40.9096 | 11.8670 | 0.3754 | 23.7790 |
G28-3 | 0.96 | 2.16 | 0.3367 | 31.3428 | 1.3095 | 26.2138 | 0.0282 | 64.4797 | 35.4539 | 17.2470 | 0.3367 | 31.3428 |
G28-4 | 1.27 | 1.88 | 0.5742 | 33.9559 | 2.6988 | 30.5942 | 0.0341 | 55.2974 | 29.3367 | 14.8071 | 0.5742 | 33.9559 |
G28-5 | 0.63 | 2.48 | 0.8436 | 14.9917 | 425.1094 | 10.7071 | 3.6547 | 10.7870 | 0.2736 | 10.7870 | 0.8436 | 14.9917 |
G28-6 | 4.73 | 2.00 | 0.0926 | 32.4735 | 0.2329 | 29.4827 | 0.0182 | 13.8403 | 54.8600 | 13.8403 | 0.0926 | 32.4735 |
G28-7 | 8.91 | 1.77 | 0.0677 | 28.1676 | 0.1673 | 25.9286 | 0.0179 | 11.2857 | 55.7984 | 11.2857 | 0.0677 | 28.1676 |
G28-8 | 14.46 | 1.78 | 0.0933 | 25.2027 | 0.2384 | 22.8373 | 0.0185 | 10.9493 | 53.9414 | 10.9493 | 0.0933 | 25.2027 |
G28-9 | 7.65 | 2.75 | 0.0554 | 32.0300 | 0.1362 | 29.6699 | 0.0178 | 12.3236 | 56.0498 | 12.3236 | 0.0554 | 32.0300 |
G28-10 | 17.11 | 2.45 | 0.0815 | 49.6686 | 0.2092 | 46.9798 | 0.0186 | 16.3130 | 53.7124 | 16.3130 | 0.0815 | 49.6686 |
G28-11 | 11.79 | 1.81 | 0.0555 | 23.7264 | 0.1428 | 20.7784 | 0.0187 | 11.7240 | 53.5892 | 11.7240 | 0.0555 | 23.7264 |
G28-12 | 22.14 | 1.87 | 0.0502 | 20.5498 | 0.1316 | 17.8650 | 0.0190 | 10.4587 | 52.5565 | 10.4587 | 0.0502 | 20.5498 |
G28-13 | 15.07 | 1.35 | 0.0697 | 23.1035 | 0.1815 | 20.7303 | 0.0189 | 10.5013 | 52.9373 | 10.5013 | 0.0697 | 23.1035 |
WC-1 | 4.51 | 2.58 | 0.1297 | 5.8982 | 0.7730 | 6.4404 | 0.0436 | 4.4934 | 22.9198 | 4.4934 | 0.1297 | 5.8982 |
WC-1 | 3.39 | 3.29 | 0.1011 | 6.8625 | 0.6047 | 7.2190 | 0.0437 | 4.3070 | 22.8680 | 4.3070 | 0.1011 | 6.8625 |
WC-1 | 3.25 | 4.25 | 0.1140 | 6.6277 | 0.6766 | 7.3305 | 0.0433 | 4.5329 | 23.0891 | 4.5329 | 0.1140 | 6.6277 |
WC-1 | 4.91 | 3.15 | 0.0993 | 5.0626 | 0.5886 | 6.0451 | 0.0431 | 4.2531 | 23.1931 | 4.2531 | 0.0993 | 5.0626 |
WC-1 | 6.14 | 3.88 | 0.0883 | 5.1627 | 0.5188 | 6.0586 | 0.0428 | 4.1887 | 23.3636 | 4.1887 | 0.0883 | 5.1627 |
WC-1 | 4.10 | 3.80 | 0.1192 | 8.3105 | 0.7078 | 8.3710 | 0.0433 | 5.6213 | 23.1037 | 5.6213 | 0.1192 | 8.3105 |
WC-1 | 1.98 | 3.22 | 0.1219 | 7.8694 | 0.7501 | 8.5609 | 0.0452 | 5.0388 | 22.1408 | 5.0388 | 0.1219 | 7.8694 |
WC-1 | 2.49 | 3.23 | 0.1165 | 6.4244 | 0.6754 | 7.0079 | 0.0426 | 5.1696 | 23.4833 | 5.1696 | 0.1165 | 6.4244 |
WC-1 | 5.03 | 3.47 | 0.1286 | 4.9125 | 0.7712 | 6.0391 | 0.0436 | 4.3202 | 22.9499 | 4.3202 | 0.1286 | 4.9125 |
WC-1 | 2.96 | 3.05 | 0.1370 | 6.7564 | 0.8535 | 7.6606 | 0.0459 | 5.7842 | 21.7912 | 5.7842 | 0.1370 | 6.7564 |
DC-22 | 0.30 | 0.52 | 0.6298 | 6.4259 | 6.9851 | 160.0553 | 0.0812 | 4.9294 | 11.6281 | 4.9294 | 0.6298 | 6.4259 |
DC-22 | 0.46 | 0.44 | 0.6150 | 6.3565 | 6.6544 | 160.0062 | 0.0803 | 3.6600 | 11.7605 | 3.6600 | 0.6150 | 6.3565 |
DC-22 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.5910 | 6.2468 | 5.4616 | 160.0969 | 0.0668 | 5.1239 | 14.1228 | 5.1239 | 0.5910 | 6.2468 |
DC-22 | 0.44 | 0.55 | 0.5485 | 6.7077 | 4.5816 | 160.2109 | 0.0600 | 7.0809 | 15.7324 | 7.0809 | 0.5485 | 6.7077 |
DC-22 | 0.74 | 0.63 | 0.4989 | 6.2677 | 3.5956 | 160.0178 | 0.0528 | 3.8966 | 17.8780 | 3.8966 | 0.4989 | 6.2677 |
DC-22 | 2.21 | 0.64 | 0.4794 | 5.6146 | 3.3796 | 160.0327 | 0.0513 | 4.1537 | 18.3996 | 4.1537 | 0.4794 | 5.6146 |
DC-22 | 3.75 | 0.91 | 0.4276 | 6.6356 | 2.7138 | 160.1018 | 0.0456 | 4.4383 | 20.6872 | 4.4383 | 0.4276 | 6.6356 |
DC-22 | 2.03 | 0.75 | 0.4302 | 5.6076 | 2.6484 | 160.0163 | 0.0449 | 3.6633 | 21.0442 | 3.6633 | 0.4302 | 5.6076 |
DC-22 | 1.36 | 0.46 | 0.4306 | 5.9370 | 2.4875 | 160.0035 | 0.0427 | 3.7305 | 22.1072 | 3.7305 | 0.4306 | 5.9370 |
DC-22 | 0.43 | 0.37 | 0.3763 | 9.2795 | 2.0486 | 160.0945 | 0.0404 | 4.9774 | 23.3644 | 4.9774 | 0.3763 | 9.2795 |
SRM614 | 0.81 | 2.30 | 0.8683 | 4.2341 | 100.5060 | 9.9902 | 0.8366 | 10.0231 | 1.1953 | 10.0231 | 0.8683 | 4.2341 |
SRM614 | 0.80 | 2.26 | 0.8699 | 4.2646 | 100.0508 | 9.9873 | 0.8314 | 10.1558 | 1.2027 | 10.1558 | 0.8699 | 4.2646 |
SRM614 | 0.81 | 2.23 | 0.8731 | 4.4283 | 101.3370 | 10.0288 | 0.8385 | 9.9647 | 1.1926 | 9.9647 | 0.8731 | 4.4283 |
SRM614 | 0.83 | 2.30 | 0.8729 | 4.7153 | 104.0930 | 9.9765 | 0.8636 | 10.0422 | 1.1579 | 10.0422 | 0.8729 | 4.7153 |
Sample G29:115 ± 4 Ma (MSWD = 0.6, n = 19) | ||||||||||||
G29-1 | 11.82 | 0.43 | 0.0582 | 16.7179 | 0.1401 | 160.0222 | 0.0175 | 12.2717 | 53.9285 | 12.2717 | 0.0582 | 16.7179 |
G29-2 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 0.8506 | 16.2109 | 540.2476 | 160.5584 | 4.6444 | 18.3680 | 0.2032 | 18.3680 | 0.8506 | 16.2109 |
G29-3 | 2.07 | 0.45 | 0.0952 | 20.9049 | 0.2371 | 160.2020 | 0.0182 | 12.7026 | 51.8040 | 12.7026 | 0.0952 | 20.9049 |
G29-4 | 1.31 | 0.43 | 0.0977 | 21.8973 | 0.2599 | 160.3169 | 0.0195 | 12.4539 | 48.3484 | 12.4539 | 0.0977 | 21.8973 |
G29-5 | 0.49 | 0.37 | 0.1765 | 20.7554 | 0.4538 | 160.4628 | 0.0193 | 13.2886 | 48.8475 | 13.2886 | 0.1765 | 20.7554 |
G29-6 | 7.25 | 0.41 | 0.0777 | 17.0759 | 0.1855 | 160.0804 | 0.0174 | 12.2361 | 54.1988 | 12.2361 | 0.0777 | 17.0759 |
G29-7 | 0.81 | 0.39 | 0.1415 | 18.0096 | 0.4029 | 160.2574 | 0.0207 | 12.8902 | 45.6128 | 12.8902 | 0.1415 | 18.0096 |
G29-8 | 22.1 | 0.42 | 0.0506 | 16.6281 | 0.1196 | 160.0105 | 0.0173 | 12.2506 | 54.6904 | 12.2506 | 0.0506 | 16.6281 |
G29-9 | 0.03 | 1.36 | 0.8614 | 16.1641 | 872.9977 | 160.2717 | 7.3989 | 15.6118 | 0.1276 | 15.6118 | 0.8614 | 16.1641 |
G29-10 | 1.40 | 0.45 | 0.2266 | 19.9061 | 0.6984 | 160.6333 | 0.0223 | 14.1691 | 42.4179 | 14.1691 | 0.2266 | 19.9061 |
G29-11 | 0.88 | 0.41 | 0.1408 | 19.4979 | 0.3467 | 160.1623 | 0.0177 | 13.0635 | 53.2008 | 13.0635 | 0.1408 | 19.4979 |
G29-12 | 2.53 | 0.44 | 0.0891 | 18.4226 | 0.2122 | 160.1752 | 0.0173 | 12.4064 | 54.4361 | 12.4064 | 0.0891 | 18.4226 |
G29-13 | 1.02 | 0.42 | 0.1784 | 17.9790 | 0.5247 | 160.1218 | 0.0218 | 12.8153 | 43.2315 | 12.8153 | 0.1784 | 17.9790 |
G29-14 | 0.97 | 0.41 | 0.1701 | 18.0312 | 0.4603 | 160.1675 | 0.0200 | 12.6787 | 47.1912 | 12.6787 | 0.1701 | 18.0312 |
G29-15 | 2.77 | 0.39 | 0.0824 | 17.6167 | 0.1930 | 160.1740 | 0.0170 | 12.3722 | 55.5003 | 12.3722 | 0.0824 | 17.6167 |
G29-16 | 1.95 | 0.54 | 0.4526 | 18.5097 | 3.2820 | 160.2250 | 0.0472 | 13.1588 | 19.9855 | 13.1588 | 0.4526 | 18.5097 |
G29-17 | 0.54 | 1.21 | 0.3907 | 19.1780 | 1.7582 | 160.7674 | 0.0315 | 14.5312 | 29.9960 | 14.5312 | 0.3907 | 19.1780 |
G29-18 | 0.03 | 1.64 | 0.8470 | 16.1228 | 825.6975 | 160.4435 | 7.0660 | 16.9880 | 0.1336 | 16.9880 | 0.8470 | 16.1228 |
G29-19 | 0.03 | 3.22 | 0.8548 | 16.0861 | 2413.3281 | 160.8984 | 20.6313 | 21.0437 | 0.0458 | 21.0437 | 0.8548 | 16.0861 |
WC-1 | 4.31 | 0.42 | 0.1270 | 8.1554 | 0.7249 | 160.0941 | 0.0416 | 3.8587 | 22.6883 | 3.8587 | 0.1270 | 8.1554 |
WC-1 | 3.07 | 0.42 | 0.0991 | 8.3594 | 0.5567 | 160.0775 | 0.0414 | 3.5575 | 22.8194 | 3.5575 | 0.0991 | 8.3594 |
WC-1 | 4.13 | 0.40 | 0.1001 | 6.1814 | 0.5584 | 160.0369 | 0.0406 | 3.6000 | 23.2675 | 3.6000 | 0.1001 | 6.1814 |
WC-1 | 3.90 | 0.39 | 0.0900 | 6.6186 | 0.4977 | 160.0467 | 0.0402 | 3.5855 | 23.4569 | 3.5855 | 0.0900 | 6.6186 |
WC-1 | 6.31 | 0.57 | 0.0997 | 6.6580 | 0.5527 | 160.0355 | 0.0402 | 3.6454 | 23.4622 | 3.6454 | 0.0997 | 6.6580 |
WC-1 | 6.37 | 0.48 | 0.1046 | 6.7255 | 0.5786 | 160.0256 | 0.0401 | 3.2188 | 23.5308 | 3.2188 | 0.1046 | 6.7255 |
WC-1 | 6.44 | 0.58 | 0.0969 | 7.0842 | 0.5326 | 160.0494 | 0.0400 | 3.3130 | 23.5827 | 3.3130 | 0.0969 | 7.0842 |
WC-1 | 6.33 | 0.41 | 0.0953 | 6.9590 | 0.5244 | 160.0387 | 0.0400 | 3.1891 | 23.6185 | 3.1891 | 0.0953 | 6.9590 |
WC-1 | 3.95 | 0.46 | 0.0991 | 8.2598 | 0.5410 | 160.0345 | 0.0398 | 3.3994 | 23.7210 | 3.3994 | 0.0991 | 8.2598 |
WC-1 | 5.14 | 0.49 | 0.1023 | 6.0575 | 0.5591 | 160.0335 | 0.0398 | 3.7055 | 23.7378 | 3.7055 | 0.1023 | 6.0575 |
DC-22 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.3816 | 7.4448 | 1.9338 | 160.0496 | 0.0374 | 4.6791 | 25.2465 | 4.6791 | 0.3816 | 7.4448 |
DC-22 | 2.99 | 0.52 | 0.2488 | 6.1144 | 1.0380 | 160.0278 | 0.0303 | 3.3656 | 31.1637 | 3.3656 | 0.2488 | 6.1144 |
DC-22 | 2.44 | 0.49 | 0.2045 | 6.2530 | 0.8049 | 160.0388 | 0.0287 | 3.7134 | 32.8558 | 3.7134 | 0.2045 | 6.2530 |
DC-22 | 0.57 | 0.41 | 0.1874 | 9.6833 | 0.7146 | 160.1814 | 0.0283 | 5.2267 | 33.3961 | 5.2267 | 0.1874 | 9.6833 |
DC-22 | 3.40 | 0.52 | 0.1894 | 6.3734 | 0.7226 | 160.0310 | 0.0279 | 3.4969 | 33.8873 | 3.4969 | 0.1894 | 6.3734 |
DC-22 | 2.63 | 0.47 | 0.2052 | 6.7612 | 0.7883 | 160.0198 | 0.0272 | 3.3678 | 34.6925 | 3.3678 | 0.2052 | 6.7612 |
DC-22 | 2.25 | 0.46 | 0.1955 | 6.3327 | 0.7295 | 160.0297 | 0.0272 | 3.3547 | 34.7098 | 3.3547 | 0.1955 | 6.3327 |
DC-22 | 1.84 | 0.39 | 0.1613 | 7.6234 | 0.6002 | 160.0757 | 0.0272 | 3.5142 | 34.7254 | 3.5142 | 0.1613 | 7.6234 |
DC-22 | 3.91 | 0.42 | 0.1425 | 6.0823 | 0.5095 | 160.0249 | 0.0260 | 3.2190 | 36.3346 | 3.2190 | 0.1425 | 6.0823 |
DC-22 | 0.52 | 0.43 | 0.1528 | 11.0928 | 0.5319 | 160.1972 | 0.0259 | 4.8258 | 36.3928 | 4.8258 | 0.1528 | 11.0928 |
DC-22 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.3816 | 7.4448 | 1.9338 | 160.0496 | 0.0374 | 4.6791 | 25.2465 | 4.6791 | 0.3816 | 7.4448 |
SRM614 | 0.81 | 2.30 | 0.8758 | 4.7325 | 103.4985 | 9.9766 | 0.8572 | 10.0022 | 1.1665 | 10.0022 | 0.8758 | 4.7325 |
SRM614 | 0.82 | 2.31 | 0.8670 | 4.9820 | 105.4558 | 9.8943 | 0.8817 | 10.1101 | 1.1342 | 10.1101 | 0.8670 | 4.9820 |
SRM614 | 0.83 | 2.32 | 0.8729 | 4.8485 | 100.6911 | 9.9891 | 0.8361 | 10.0063 | 1.1961 | 10.0063 | 0.8729 | 4.8485 |
SRM614 | 0.81 | 2.29 | 0.8708 | 3.9581 | 101.1274 | 9.9649 | 0.8381 | 9.9950 | 1.1932 | 9.9950 | 0.8708 | 3.9581 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Gao, Y.-X.; Jiang, G.-P.; Qu, Y.; Zhang, R.-Q.; Tang, Y.-W.; Zhu, R.; Yao, S.-J. Syn-Tectonic Dolomite U-Pb Geochronology Constraining Intracontinental Deformation: A Case Study from the Gelouang Gold Deposit in the Qinling Orogen, China. Minerals 2022, 12, 1045. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12081045
Gao Y-X, Jiang G-P, Qu Y, Zhang R-Q, Tang Y-W, Zhu R, Yao S-J. Syn-Tectonic Dolomite U-Pb Geochronology Constraining Intracontinental Deformation: A Case Study from the Gelouang Gold Deposit in the Qinling Orogen, China. Minerals. 2022; 12(8):1045. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12081045
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Yi-Xue, Gui-Peng Jiang, Yi Qu, Rong-Qing Zhang, Yan-Wen Tang, Rui Zhu, and Si-Jia Yao. 2022. "Syn-Tectonic Dolomite U-Pb Geochronology Constraining Intracontinental Deformation: A Case Study from the Gelouang Gold Deposit in the Qinling Orogen, China" Minerals 12, no. 8: 1045. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12081045