Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy in Mineral Exploration and Ore Processing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
2.1. LIBS Instrumentation
2.2. LIBS Attributes
2.3. Self-Absorption
2.4. Matrix Effects
2.5. Chemometrics in LIBS
2.6. LIBS Imaging
2.7. Qualitative and Quantitative LIBS
3. LIBS in Mineral Exploration and Ore Processing
- (i)
- Detection—Is an element of interest present in this sample?
- (ii)
- Identification—What is this sample?
- (iii)
- Confirmation—Is this sample attribution correct?
- (iv)
- Classification—What assemblage does this sample belong to?
- (v)
- Quantification—What is the concentration an element in this sample?
3.1. Lithium
3.2. Beryllium
3.3. Carbon
3.4. Fluorine
3.5. Aluminum, Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Calcium
3.6. Transition Metals
3.7. Niobium and Tantalum
3.8. Platinum-Group Elements
3.9. Precious Metals
3.10. Tin
3.11. Rare Earth Elements
3.12. Uranium
4. Tandem LIBS Methods
5. Summary and Future Prospects
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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System architecture | Simple, requiring only a laser, optics, detector/spectrograph, and computer, so is less expensive than many other analytical technologies |
Analytical capability | Full periodic table, but particularly sensitive to the light elements H, Li, Be, B, and C and with isotopic analysis demonstrated for certain elements |
Application | Solids, liquids, or gases in the laboratory or outside in the ambient environment for in situ field analysis |
Analytical time | Rapid multi-element analysis (<1 s) |
Surface analysis | In situ analysis of ultra-thin alteration layers, coatings, and contamination on a sample surface |
Preparation | Little to no sample preparation needed. The LIBS plasma shock wave can be used to remove allochthonous surface materials and contamination by ‘cleaning’ shots prior to analysis |
Depth analysis | Stratigraphic profiling to >100 mm depth and in situ analysis of individual particles and mineral grains as well as both liquid and solid inclusions |
Imaging | Megapixel compositional imaging of rock and mineral surfaces at tens of μm spatial resolution |
Deployment | As laboratory instrumentation, field-portable and handheld analyzers, and as bespoke systems for use in harsh industrial settings and geologically extreme environments |
Integration | Easily combined with other analytical techniques such as LIF, RS, IR, µXRF, or LA-ICP-MS |
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Harmon, R.S. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy in Mineral Exploration and Ore Processing. Minerals 2024, 14, 731. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14070731
Harmon RS. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy in Mineral Exploration and Ore Processing. Minerals. 2024; 14(7):731. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14070731
Chicago/Turabian StyleHarmon, Russell S. 2024. "Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy in Mineral Exploration and Ore Processing" Minerals 14, no. 7: 731. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14070731