Investigation of the Voltage-Induced Damage Progression on the Raceway Surfaces of Thrust Ball Bearings
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- They describe if a corrugation progression is likely, but they do not provide information about the point in time when a damage occurs or the rapidity of its progression.
- They do not quantify the bearing damage.
- The bearing current is a quantity difficult to measure in real e-motor applications. Therefore, these two values of damage progression and damage value respective to the bearing current are difficult to obtain.
- The scale is ordinal, meaning it cannot be assumed that the differences between two different grades are equal. This leads to several obstacles like the inability to apply basic calculus operators like plus or minus, which makes calculations based on this scale impossible.
- There is no objective quantification of the different scale grades. The grade of a specific bearing surface depends on the person evaluating it.
- Requirement 1: At least a moderate correlation of of the Spearman Rank correlation coefficient has to exist between a suitable surface property and the subjective evaluation.
- Requirement 2: A suitable surface property should allow for the distinction between corrugations and crater surfaces. Hence, the probability that the corrugation and grey frosting surfaces are equally distributed should be in a Wilcoxon rank-sum test [26].
- Requirement 3: The variation of the suitable surface property should be lower than the variation of the subjective surface evaluation.
- Requirement 4: The variation of the suitable surface property should be independent from the value of the surface property. The surface property and its variation should have a Spearman rank correlation coefficient of .
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Degree of Damage Assessment Study
3.2. Testing Surface Property Requirements
3.2.1. Correlation with the Damage Grade
3.2.2. Identification of Corrugation
3.2.3. Investigation of the Variation of the Surface Properties
3.2.4. Investigation of the Correlation between the Magnitude and Variation of the Surface Property
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Test Nr. | Axial Load (kN) | Rotation Speed (rpm) | Voltage (V) | Frequency (f) | Signal Form (-) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
V01 | 3.5 | 2500 | 5 | 20 | Sine |
V02 | 1 | 2500 | 5 | 5 | Sine |
V03 | 1 | 500 | 2.5 | 5 | Sine |
V04 | 3.5 | 500 | 2.5 | 20 | Sine |
V05 | 1 | 2500 | 5 | 20 | Square |
V06 | 3.5 | 2500 | 5 | 5 | Square |
V07 | 3.5 | 500 | 2.5 | 5 | Square |
V08 | 1 | 500 | 2.5 | 20 | Square |
V09 | 1 | 2500 | 2.5 | 5 | Square |
V10 | 3.5 | 500 | 5 | 20 | Square |
V11 | 1 | 500 | 5 | 20 | Sine |
V12 | 1 | 500 | 5 | 5 | Square |
V13 | 3.5 | 2500 | 2.5 | 20 | Square |
V14 | 3.5 | 2500 | 2.5 | 5 | Sine |
V15 | 1 | 2500 | 2.5 | 20 | Sine |
V16 | 3.5 | 500 | 5 | 5 | Sine |
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Factor | Unit | - | + |
---|---|---|---|
Axial Load | kN | 1 | 3.5 |
Rotation Speed | rpm | 500 | 2500 |
Voltage | V | 2.5 | 5 |
Frequency | Hz | 5000 | 20,000 |
Signal Form | - | Square Wave | Sine Wave |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Lubricant | FVA3 reference oil |
Oil Temperature T | 40 °C |
Bearing Type | Thrust ball bearing |
Bearing Size | 51,305 |
Variable | Parameter | Variable | Parameter |
---|---|---|---|
Maximum Profile Height | Material Volume | ||
Total Profile Height | Void Volume | ||
Arithmetic Mean of Profile Ordinate | Material Volume of peaks | ||
Quadratic Mean of Profile Ordinate | Material Volume at the core | ||
Skewness of Profile | Void Volume at the core | ||
Steepness of Profile | Void Volume at the valleys | ||
Median Groove Width of Profile Elements | Core height | ||
Quadratic Mean of Profile Pitch | Average peak height above the core | ||
Material Fraction of Profile | Average valley depth below the core | ||
Height Difference between two Intersection Lines |
Surface Property | Comparison to Literature | |
---|---|---|
No comparable data | ||
No contradiction | ||
Deviation; no contradiction [15,19] | ||
No comparable data | ||
No comparable data | ||
Deviation; no contradiction [14,15,19] | ||
Deviation; no contradiction [17,18] | ||
Confirmed [16,19] | ||
No contradiction [17,18,19] | ||
No contradiction [16,17,18,19] | ||
No comparable data | ||
No comparable data |
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Harder, A.; Zaiat, A.; Becker-Dombrowsky, F.M.; Puchtler, S.; Kirchner, E. Investigation of the Voltage-Induced Damage Progression on the Raceway Surfaces of Thrust Ball Bearings. Machines 2022, 10, 832. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10100832
Harder A, Zaiat A, Becker-Dombrowsky FM, Puchtler S, Kirchner E. Investigation of the Voltage-Induced Damage Progression on the Raceway Surfaces of Thrust Ball Bearings. Machines. 2022; 10(10):832. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10100832
Chicago/Turabian StyleHarder, André, Anatoly Zaiat, Florian Michael Becker-Dombrowsky, Steffen Puchtler, and Eckhard Kirchner. 2022. "Investigation of the Voltage-Induced Damage Progression on the Raceway Surfaces of Thrust Ball Bearings" Machines 10, no. 10: 832. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10100832