Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 towards Alcohols: Potential for Alcohol-Related Toxicity in Humans
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Characteristics of SARS-Cov-2 and Other Coronaviruses
4. Alcohol-Based Formulations of Hand Sanitizers
5. Effects of Different Alcohols on Coronavirus Family
6. Oral, Dermal, and Pulmonary Absorption of Alcohols and Their Related Toxicities
7. Alternatives and Precautions to ABHS
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Surface | Survival Time | Virucide | Exposure Duration | Decrease in Infectivity (log10) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SARS-COV-2 | NR | NR | 80% ethanol | 30 s | ≥3.8 | [37] |
NR | NR | 75% isopropanol | 30 s | ≥3.8 | [37] | |
MERS-COV | Steel | 48 h (20 °C) 8–24 h (30 °C) | 80% ethanol | 30 s | >4.0 | [43,46] |
Plastic | 48 h (20 °C) 8–24 h (30 °C) | 75% isopropanol | 30 s | ≥4.0 | [43] | |
SARS-COV | Glass | 4 d (RT) | 80% ethanol | 30 s | ≥4.3 | [47,48] |
Plastic | ≤5 d (22–25 °C) | 85% ethanol | 30 s | ≥5.5 | [49,50] | |
Wood | 4 d (RT) | 95% ethanol | 30 s | ≥5.5 | [47,50] | |
Paper | 4–5 d (RT) | 70% isopropanol | 30 s | ≥3.3 | [47,48] | |
Gown | 2 d (RT) | 75% isopropanol | 30 s | ≥4.0 | [43,51] | |
Metal | 5 d (RT) | 100% isopropanol | 30 s | ≥3.3 | [47,48] | |
NR | NR | 45% isopropanol and 30% 1-propanol | 30 s | ≥2.8 | [48] |
Agent | Mechanism of Action | Benefits | Drawbacks | Adverse Effects | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethanol (>60%) | Denaturation of proteins | Recommended by U.S. FDA against SARS-CoV-2; economical and easy to handle | Disagreeable odor, dryness of skin, possibility of unwanted toxicity in children | Skin: Itching, allergy, dermatitis Liver: Hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, myoglobinuria Others: Vomiting, drowsiness, respiratory arrest, keto acidosis, arrhythmia, cardiac arrest | [42,80,91] |
Isopropanol (>70%) | Denaturation of proteins | Recommended by U.S. FDA against SARS-CoV-2; economical and easy to handle | Unpleasant odor, dryness of skin, possibility of unwanted toxicity in children | Skin: Rash, itching, irritation, allergy Others: Myoglobinuria, gastritis, respiratory depression | [42,80,91] |
Quaternary ammonium compounds | Enzymatic inactivation; Degradation of cellular proteins | Minimal human toxicity, better tolerability, no bad odor | Less effective in low pH and in the presence of organic substances | Mild irritation | [91,92] |
Hydrogen peroxide | Free-radical induced oxidation of cellular components | Relatively less toxic, inexpensive, easy to use | Corrosive | Mild irritation in skin and mucous membrane, vomiting, air embolism | [80,91,93] |
Iodine compounds | Degradation of cellular proteins, fatty acids, and nucleotides | Non-corrosive, ease of use | Unpleasant odor, staining, irritation | Rash, itching, local swelling | [91,92] |
Chlorine compounds | Halogenation/oxidation of cellular proteins | Effective in low concentration, low-cost | Corrosive, formation of toxic by-products, irritation | Nausea, coughing, shortness of breath, irritation of mucous membrane, stimulation of the upper airways | [91,94] |
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Basak, D.; Deb, S. Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 towards Alcohols: Potential for Alcohol-Related Toxicity in Humans. Life 2021, 11, 1334. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11121334
Basak D, Deb S. Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 towards Alcohols: Potential for Alcohol-Related Toxicity in Humans. Life. 2021; 11(12):1334. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11121334
Chicago/Turabian StyleBasak, Debasish, and Subrata Deb. 2021. "Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 towards Alcohols: Potential for Alcohol-Related Toxicity in Humans" Life 11, no. 12: 1334. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11121334