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Article

Light Microscopy and Proteomic Patterns of Ovulation in Cervical Mucus

by
Yolanda Fernandez-Hermida
1,*,
Federica Vincenzoni
2,3,
Domenico Milardi
4,5,
Anna Laura Astorri
4,5,
Andrea Urbani
2,3,
Giuseppe Grande
6,† and
Rafael Azagra
7,8,9,†
1
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Internacional University of Catalonia, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallés, Spain
2
Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
3
Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
4
International Scientific Institute “Paul VI”, 00168 Rome, Italy
5
Division of Endocrinology, Fondazione Policlinico “A. Gemelli” IRCSS, 00185 Rome, Italy
6
Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
7
Health Center Badia del Valles, Institut Català de la Salut, 08214 Badia del Vallés, Spain
8
GROIMAP Research Group, Research Support Unit Metropolitana Nord, Instituto Universitario IDIAP Jordi Gol, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
9
Fundació Privada PRECIOSA per la Investigació, 0821 Barberá del Vallés, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Life 2022, 12(11), 1815; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12111815
Submission received: 16 September 2022 / Revised: 30 October 2022 / Accepted: 1 November 2022 / Published: 7 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Infertility and Reproductive Endocrinology)
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Abstract

There is an increasing number of couples interested in identifying the fertile window for the purpose of conceiving. From what has been published so far, it can be concluded that there are no reliable methods to predict ovulation, and, therefore, to predict the fertile window. Proteins of the cervical mucus (CM) could behave as biomarkers to allow the early and precise identification of ovulation. CM samples were collected from the lumen of the cervical canal from women of reproductive age, on three different days of the same menstrual cycle. Samples were first analyzed and classified by light microscopy. High-resolution mass spectrometry and bioinformatic analysis were performed afterwards to determine the in vivo changes of CM protein composition. CM underwent cyclical changes in its biophysical composition, which were evidenced by changes in the crystallographic patterns observed under the light microscope. The proteomic analysis revealed changes in the protein composition of CM along the cycle. Twenty-five out of the forty-eight total proteins identified could become potential biomarkers of ovulation. The coordinated changes in the composition of the CM around the time of ovulation could be happening to specifically grant access to a foreign body, such as the sperm might be.
Keywords: infertility; reproduction; biomarker; ovulation; cervical mucus; fertile window; proteomics infertility; reproduction; biomarker; ovulation; cervical mucus; fertile window; proteomics

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MDPI and ACS Style

Fernandez-Hermida, Y.; Vincenzoni, F.; Milardi, D.; Astorri, A.L.; Urbani, A.; Grande, G.; Azagra, R. Light Microscopy and Proteomic Patterns of Ovulation in Cervical Mucus. Life 2022, 12, 1815. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12111815

AMA Style

Fernandez-Hermida Y, Vincenzoni F, Milardi D, Astorri AL, Urbani A, Grande G, Azagra R. Light Microscopy and Proteomic Patterns of Ovulation in Cervical Mucus. Life. 2022; 12(11):1815. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12111815

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fernandez-Hermida, Yolanda, Federica Vincenzoni, Domenico Milardi, Anna Laura Astorri, Andrea Urbani, Giuseppe Grande, and Rafael Azagra. 2022. "Light Microscopy and Proteomic Patterns of Ovulation in Cervical Mucus" Life 12, no. 11: 1815. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12111815

APA Style

Fernandez-Hermida, Y., Vincenzoni, F., Milardi, D., Astorri, A. L., Urbani, A., Grande, G., & Azagra, R. (2022). Light Microscopy and Proteomic Patterns of Ovulation in Cervical Mucus. Life, 12(11), 1815. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12111815

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