Anti-Anemic Effect of Antioxidant-Rich Apple Vinegar against Phenylhydrazine-Induced Hemolytic Anemia in Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample of Vinegar
2.2. Quantitative Analysis of Phytochemicals
2.3. Antioxidant Analysis
2.4. Mineral Composition
2.5. LC-MS/MS Analysis of the Polyphenolic Compounds of Apple Vinegar
2.6. Induction of Anemia Experimental Design
2.6.1. Ethical Approval
2.6.2. Experimental Protocol
2.7. Analysis of Hematological Parameters
2.8. Osmotic Fragility Test
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Phytochemical Quantification and Antioxidant Activity of Apple Vinegar
3.2. The Mineral Content of Apple Vinegar
3.3. Phenolic Profile of Apple Vinegar
3.4. The Effect of Apple Vinegar on Different Hematological Markers
3.5. The Effect of Apple Vinegar Pretreatment on Erythrocyte Osmotic Fragility of Phenylhydrazine-Poisoned Rats
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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TPC mg GAE/100mL | TFC mg QE/100mL | TAC mg AAE/100mL | IC50% DPPH µL/mL | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Apple vinegar | 90 ± 1.66 | 7.29 ± 0.23 | 4.22 ± 0.18 | 0.49 ± 0.004 |
Minerals Content (mg/L) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apple vinegar | K | Na | Mg | Ca | Fe | P |
37.87 ± 1.5 | 6.12 ± 0.8 | 3.72 ± 0.3 | 3.21 ± 0.1 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.13 | |
Zn | Pb | Cu | Cr | Cd | ||
0.24 ± 0.01 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Phenolic Compounds in Apple Vinegar (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Syringic acid | Gallic acid | Kaempferol | Rutin | Oleochantal | Hydroxytyrosol |
ND | ND | 0.192 | 0.125 | 0.132 | 0.019 |
Transferulic acid | Oleuropein | Hesperetin | Trimethoxyflavone | Arbutin | Rosmarinic acid |
43.921 | 0.004 | 0.015 | 0.102 | 3.736 | ND |
Ursolic acid | Apigenin | Amentoflavone | Luteolin | Quercetin-3-O-glucoside | Quercetin-3-O- glucuronic acid |
ND | 2.539 | 0.047 | ND | 0.021 | 0.044 |
Kaempferol-3-O-glucose | Quercetin-3-O-hexose deoxyhexose | Isorhamnetin- 3-O Rutinoside | Isorhamnetin-7-O- Pentose / luteoilin 7-O-glucoside | Kaempferol-3-O-glucuronic acid | Narigin |
ND | 0.031 | 0.016 | 0.171 | 0.102 | 0.104 |
Kaempferol-3-O-hexose deohyhexose | Tyrosol | Protocathecoic acid | Vanillic acid | Syringic acid | p-hydroxybenzoic\ salicilic acid |
0.054 | ND | 0.238 | 0.193 ± 0.002 | 0.953 ± 0.013 | ND |
Gentisic acid | Caffeic acid | Ferulic acid | Sinapic acid | Trans-cinnamic acid | Chlorogenic acid |
0.153 | ND | 40.155 | 3.887 | 1.835 | 0.372 |
Cathechin\ epicathechin | Gallocathechin\ epigallocathechin gallate | Gallocathechin\ epigallocathechin | Cathechin gallate | Procianidin | Myricetin |
0.213 | 0.255 | 0.128 | ND | 0.093 | 0.146 |
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Ousaaid, D.; Ghouizi, A.E.; Laaroussi, H.; Bakour, M.; Mechchate, H.; Es-safi, I.; Kamaly, O.A.; Saleh, A.; Conte, R.; Lyoussi, B.; et al. Anti-Anemic Effect of Antioxidant-Rich Apple Vinegar against Phenylhydrazine-Induced Hemolytic Anemia in Rats. Life 2022, 12, 239. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12020239
Ousaaid D, Ghouizi AE, Laaroussi H, Bakour M, Mechchate H, Es-safi I, Kamaly OA, Saleh A, Conte R, Lyoussi B, et al. Anti-Anemic Effect of Antioxidant-Rich Apple Vinegar against Phenylhydrazine-Induced Hemolytic Anemia in Rats. Life. 2022; 12(2):239. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12020239
Chicago/Turabian StyleOusaaid, Driss, Asmae El Ghouizi, Hassan Laaroussi, Meryem Bakour, Hamza Mechchate, Imane Es-safi, Omkulthom Al Kamaly, Asmaa Saleh, Raffaele Conte, Badiaa Lyoussi, and et al. 2022. "Anti-Anemic Effect of Antioxidant-Rich Apple Vinegar against Phenylhydrazine-Induced Hemolytic Anemia in Rats" Life 12, no. 2: 239. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12020239