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10.3390/life12081256
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Article

Analysis of Prevalence and Predictive Factors of Long-Lasting Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients

by
María A. Callejón-Leblic
1,2,†,
Daniel I. Martín-Jiménez
1,†,
Ramón Moreno-Luna
1,*,
Jose M. Palacios-Garcia
1,
Marta Alvarez-Cendrero
1,
Julissa A. Vizcarra-Melgar
1,
Carlos Fernandez-Velez
1,
Isabel M. Reyes-Tejero
3,
Juan Maza-Solano
1,
Jaime Gonzalez-Garcia
1,
Beatriz Tena-García
1,
María E. Acosta-Mosquera
1,
Alfonso Del Cuvillo
4,‡ and
Serafín Sánchez-Gómez
1,‡
1
Rhinology Unit, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, 41009 Seville, Spain
2
Biomedical Engineering Group, University of Seville, 41092 Seville, Spain
3
Rhinology Unit, Virgen de Valme University Hospital, 41014 Seville, Spain
4
Rhinology and Asthma Unit, ENT Department, The University Hospital of Jerez, 11407 Jerez de la Frontera, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
‡
These authors supervised this work equally.
Life 2022, 12(8), 1256; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12081256
Submission received: 1 August 2022 / Revised: 15 August 2022 / Accepted: 15 August 2022 / Published: 17 August 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunctions in COVID‐19 Patients)
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Abstract

Background: Although smell and taste disorders are highly prevalent symptoms of COVID-19 infection, the predictive factors leading to long-lasting chemosensory dysfunction are still poorly understood. Methods: 102 out of 421 (24.2%) mildly symptomatic COVID-19 patients completed a second questionnaire about the evolution of their symptoms one year after the infection using visual analog scales (VAS). A subgroup of 69 patients also underwent psychophysical evaluation of olfactory function through UPSIT. Results: The prevalence of chemosensory dysfunction decreased from 82.4% to 45.1% after 12 months, with 46.1% of patients reporting a complete recovery. Patients older than 40 years (OR = 0.20; 95% CI: [0.07, 0.56]) and with a duration of loss of smell longer than four weeks saw a lower odds ratio for recovery (OR = 0.27; 95% CI: [0.10, 0.76]). In addition, 28 patients (35.9%) reported suffering from parosmia, which was associated with moderate to severe taste dysfunction at the baseline (OR = 7.80; 95% CI: [1.70, 35.8]). Among the 69 subjects who underwent the UPSIT, 57 (82.6%) presented some degree of smell dysfunction, showing a moderate correlation with self-reported VAS (r = −0.36, p = 0.0027). Conclusion: A clinically relevant number of subjects reported persistent chemosensory dysfunction and parosmia one year after COVID-19 infection, with a moderate correlation with psychophysical olfactory tests.
Keywords: olfactory disorders; COVID-19; prediction model; anosmia; parosmia; smell disorders; smell test; UPSIT olfactory disorders; COVID-19; prediction model; anosmia; parosmia; smell disorders; smell test; UPSIT
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MDPI and ACS Style

Callejón-Leblic, M.A.; Martín-Jiménez, D.I.; Moreno-Luna, R.; Palacios-Garcia, J.M.; Alvarez-Cendrero, M.; Vizcarra-Melgar, J.A.; Fernandez-Velez, C.; Reyes-Tejero, I.M.; Maza-Solano, J.; Gonzalez-Garcia, J.; et al. Analysis of Prevalence and Predictive Factors of Long-Lasting Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients. Life 2022, 12, 1256. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12081256

AMA Style

Callejón-Leblic MA, Martín-Jiménez DI, Moreno-Luna R, Palacios-Garcia JM, Alvarez-Cendrero M, Vizcarra-Melgar JA, Fernandez-Velez C, Reyes-Tejero IM, Maza-Solano J, Gonzalez-Garcia J, et al. Analysis of Prevalence and Predictive Factors of Long-Lasting Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients. Life. 2022; 12(8):1256. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12081256

Chicago/Turabian Style

Callejón-Leblic, María A., Daniel I. Martín-Jiménez, Ramón Moreno-Luna, Jose M. Palacios-Garcia, Marta Alvarez-Cendrero, Julissa A. Vizcarra-Melgar, Carlos Fernandez-Velez, Isabel M. Reyes-Tejero, Juan Maza-Solano, Jaime Gonzalez-Garcia, and et al. 2022. "Analysis of Prevalence and Predictive Factors of Long-Lasting Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients" Life 12, no. 8: 1256. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12081256

APA Style

Callejón-Leblic, M. A., Martín-Jiménez, D. I., Moreno-Luna, R., Palacios-Garcia, J. M., Alvarez-Cendrero, M., Vizcarra-Melgar, J. A., Fernandez-Velez, C., Reyes-Tejero, I. M., Maza-Solano, J., Gonzalez-Garcia, J., Tena-García, B., Acosta-Mosquera, M. E., Del Cuvillo, A., & Sánchez-Gómez, S. (2022). Analysis of Prevalence and Predictive Factors of Long-Lasting Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients. Life, 12(8), 1256. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12081256

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