Identification and Current Palaeobiological Understanding of “Keratosa”-Type Nonspicular Demosponge Fossils in Carbonates: With a New Example from the Lowermost Triassic, Armenia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Preservation of “Keratosa”-Type Demosponges in Carbonates
3.2. Recognition Criteria of “Keratosa”-Type Demosponges in Carbonates
- Fibrous skeletons are preserved as microspar-cemented moulds in homogeneous automicrites.
- The skeletal fibres form an anastomosing network extending three-dimensionally in the micritic aggregation with a generally uniform density.
- The skeleton persists a uniform thickness along each fibre. In the whole skeletal frame, the fibre thicknesses either change gradually or exhibit regular orders or hierarchies. For reference, the diameters of skeletal fibres in living nonspicular demosponges vary from a few to hundreds of micrometres, with many being around tens of micrometres thick (Figure 2; Supplementary File S2).
- The fibrous network is constrained in the micritic aggregation and exhibits fibres lining the border of the aggregation, such as between the sponge body and the hard substrates and wrapped particles.
- Water canals of the sponge aquiferous system are sometimes preserved (Figure 1E,F; more discussion in Section 4.1). If present, they add credits to the sponge interpretation.
3.3. Observation of the Chanakhchi Fossils
4. Discussion
4.1. Differentiating “Keratosa”-Type Demosponge Fossils from Other Similar Structures Based on Proposed Criteria
4.2. Identifying Chanakhchi Fossils as Nonspicular Demosponges
4.3. “Keratosa”-Type Demosponge in the Fossil Record: Known and Unknown
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Luo, C.; Pei, Y.; Richoz, S.; Li, Q.; Reitner, J. Identification and Current Palaeobiological Understanding of “Keratosa”-Type Nonspicular Demosponge Fossils in Carbonates: With a New Example from the Lowermost Triassic, Armenia. Life 2022, 12, 1348. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12091348
Luo C, Pei Y, Richoz S, Li Q, Reitner J. Identification and Current Palaeobiological Understanding of “Keratosa”-Type Nonspicular Demosponge Fossils in Carbonates: With a New Example from the Lowermost Triassic, Armenia. Life. 2022; 12(9):1348. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12091348
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuo, Cui, Yu Pei, Sylvain Richoz, Qijian Li, and Joachim Reitner. 2022. "Identification and Current Palaeobiological Understanding of “Keratosa”-Type Nonspicular Demosponge Fossils in Carbonates: With a New Example from the Lowermost Triassic, Armenia" Life 12, no. 9: 1348. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12091348