Stimulation of Hemolysis and Eryptosis by β-Caryophyllene Oxide
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Blood Collection
2.3. Hemolysis
2.4. Potassium Leakage
2.5. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Activity
2.6. Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) Activity
2.7. Osmotic Fragility
2.8. Cell Signaling Analysis
2.9. Membrane Scrambling
2.10. Cellular Morphology
2.11. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
2.12. Acetylcholine Esterase (AChE) Activity
2.13. Extracellular Acidity
2.14. Intracellular Ca2+
2.15. Oxidative Stress
2.16. Systemic Toxicity
2.17. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. CPO Induces Concentration-Dependent Hemolysis
3.2. CPO Does Not Protect against Hypotonic Hemolysis
3.3. CPO-Induced Hemolysis Is Mediated through Multiple Signaling Pathways
3.4. CPO Causes Cell Shrinkage and Disrupted Morphology
3.5. CPO Triggers PS Externalization
3.6. Diminished AChE Activity and pH in Response to CPO
3.7. CPO Raises Cytosolic Ca2+
3.8. CPO Elicits Oxidative Stress
3.9. Effect of Modified Ringer Solutions on CPO Toxicity
3.10. CPO Causes Distinct Alterations in Whole Blood
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Alghareeb, S.A.; Alfhili, M.A.; Alsughayyir, J. Stimulation of Hemolysis and Eryptosis by β-Caryophyllene Oxide. Life 2023, 13, 2299. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13122299
Alghareeb SA, Alfhili MA, Alsughayyir J. Stimulation of Hemolysis and Eryptosis by β-Caryophyllene Oxide. Life. 2023; 13(12):2299. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13122299
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlghareeb, Sumiah A., Mohammad A. Alfhili, and Jawaher Alsughayyir. 2023. "Stimulation of Hemolysis and Eryptosis by β-Caryophyllene Oxide" Life 13, no. 12: 2299. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13122299