The Relationship between Restrictions on Going Out and Motor Imagery among Medical University Students in Japan—Research with Small Samples
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Characteristics and Measurements of Physical Performance
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Mean (SD) or Number (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Total | |||
n = 83 | |||
Age, y | 19.6 | (0.6) | |
GPA, score | 2.7 | (0.5) | |
Height, cm | 167.1 | (8.7) | |
Weight, kg | 59.6 | (9.6) | |
BMI, kg/m2 | 21.2 | (2.3) | |
Sex, male | 43 | (51.8) | |
Primary means of commuting to university | |||
Walking | 0 | (0) | |
Bicycle | 15 | (18.1) | |
Motorcycle | 0 | (0) | |
Train | 68 | (81.9) | |
Other | 0 | (0) |
Variables | Mean (SD) or Number (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R-Group | NR-Group | p Value | Effect Size | ||||
n = 42 | n = 41 | (r,φ) | |||||
Age, y | 19.6 | (0.5) | 19.6 | (0.6) | n.s. | 0.03 | |
GPA, score | 2.8 | (0.3) | 2.7 | (0.5) | n.s. | 0.13 | |
Height, cm | 165.4 | (7.8) | 167.1 | (8.7) | n.s. | 0.10 | |
Weight, kg | 58.6 | (10.6) | 59.6 | (9.6) | n.s. | 0.05 | |
BMI, kg/m2 | 21.3 | (2.7) | 21.2 | (2.3) | n.s. | 0.02 | |
Sex, male | 20 | (47.6) | 23 | (56.1) | n.s. | 0.09 | |
Primary means of commuting to university | |||||||
Walking | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) | n.s. | 0.04 | |
Bicycle | 7 | (16.7) | 8 | (19.5) | |||
Motorcycle | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) | |||
Train | 35 | (83.3) | 33 | (80.5) | |||
Other | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) | |||
MWS, m/s | 2.3 | (0.4) | 2.1 | (0.3) | n.s. | 0.11 | |
TUG, s | 7.3 | (1.6) | 7.6 | (1.2) | n.s. | 0.11 | |
iTUG, s | 5.8 | (1.4) | 7.4 | (1.6) | <0.001 | 0.48 | |
ΔTUG, % | 15.4 | (16.3) | 1.7 | (10.9) | <0.001 | 0.43 | |
FRT, cm | 41.7 | (6.2) | 39.8 | (5.7) | n.s. | 0.16 | |
Grasp strength, kg | 32.9 | (8.7) | 36.4 | (9.1) | n.s. | 0.19 | |
5CS, s | 5.7 | (1.0) | 5.5 | (0.9) | n.s. | 0.04 |
Number (%) | Main Effect | Interaction Effect | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | R-Group | NR-Group | (Restriction of Outings) | (Sex × Restriction of Outings) | ||||||
Sex | n = 42 | n = 41 | F | p Value | Effect Size (η2) | F | p Value | Effect Size (η2) | ||
male | 20 | (47.6) | 23 | (56.1) | 18.95 | <0.001 | 0.19 | 0.168 | 0.683 | 0.002 |
female | 22 | (52.4) | 18 | (43.9) |
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Itotani, K.; Suganuma, I.; Morimoto, S.; Nakai, H.; Ogawa, N. The Relationship between Restrictions on Going Out and Motor Imagery among Medical University Students in Japan—Research with Small Samples. Life 2023, 13, 797. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13030797
Itotani K, Suganuma I, Morimoto S, Nakai H, Ogawa N. The Relationship between Restrictions on Going Out and Motor Imagery among Medical University Students in Japan—Research with Small Samples. Life. 2023; 13(3):797. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13030797
Chicago/Turabian StyleItotani, Keisuke, Ippei Suganuma, Seiji Morimoto, Hideaki Nakai, and Noriyuki Ogawa. 2023. "The Relationship between Restrictions on Going Out and Motor Imagery among Medical University Students in Japan—Research with Small Samples" Life 13, no. 3: 797. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13030797