Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Extract of Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) (azkhar) Collected from Afif City, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Collection of Sample and Botanical Description
2.2. Preparation of Plant Extract
2.3. Phytochemical Screening
2.3.1. Test for Tannins (Ferric Chloride Test)
2.3.2. Test for Phlobatannins
2.3.3. Test for Saponins
2.3.4. Test for Flavonoids
2.3.5. Test for Steroids and Terpenoids
2.3.6. Test for Alkaloids
2.3.7. Test for Quinones
2.3.8. Test for Coumarins
2.4. Chemical Composition of the Methanolic Extract of Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.)
2.4.1. FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy)
2.4.2. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H, 13C NMR)
2.5. Antimicrobial Assays
2.5.1. Tested Microorganisms
2.5.2. Agar Well Diffusion Method
2.5.3. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Assay (MIC)
2.5.4. Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC)
2.5.5. Time–Kill Curves
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Phytochemical Screening and Chemical Analysis of the Methanolic Extract
3.2. Antibacterial Activities of Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) (azkhar)
3.2.1. Agar Diffusion Method
3.2.2. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
3.2.3. Minimum Bactericide Concentration (MBC) and Time–Kill Curves
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Phytochemicals | Result |
---|---|
Tannins | +++ |
Phlobatannins | +++ |
Saponins | -- |
Flavonoids | ++ |
Steroid | ++ |
Alkaloid | +++ |
Quinons | -- |
Terpenoids | +++ |
Qumarins | +++ |
Wavenumber (ν cm−1) | |
---|---|
Spectrum | Bond |
2900–3000 | O-H Phenol |
3100 | C-H aromatic |
1580–1430 | C=C aromatic |
1800 | C=O ketone |
2950 | C-H aliphatic |
1600 | C=C aliphatic |
1150–1100 | C-O-C aliphatic |
13C NMR δ (ppm) in DMSO/CDCl3 | 1H NMR δ (ppm)in DMSO/CDCl3 | Compound # |
---|---|---|
200 (C=O) 116–152 (12C-aromatic) 105,162 (C=CH) | 6.80–7.50 (d,t9H-aromatic) 5.70 (s,HC=C) | (1) |
36 (HC-CH3) 16, 18, 26 (3CH3) 148 (HC=CH2) 115 (HC=CH2) 125 (HC=C(CH3)2) 134 (HC=C(CH3)2) 31, 37 (H2C-CH2) | 1.4 (q,HC-CH3) 0.6 (d,HC-CH3) 5.80 (t,HC=CH2) 4.90 (s,HC=CH2) 5.40 (s,HC=C(CH3)2) 1.95, 2.3 (t, H2C-CH2) 1.60, 1.85 (s,2CH3) | (2) |
43 (CH3-N) 121–127 (5C-aromatic) (3CH2) | 1.60:1.53–2:1.77–2.30:2.50 (t,q,3CH2) 3.90 (t, HC-CH2) 7.10–7.30 (s, d, t, 4H-aromatic) | (3) |
Concentrations (mg/mL) | M ± SD | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bacterial Strains | 50 | 100 | 150 | 200 | |
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29737 | 9 ± 0.816 | 12 ± 1.632 | 18 ± 1.414 | 22 ± 1.633 | |
Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 27729 | 10 ± 1.633 | 14 ± 0.816 | 16 ± 0.816 | 21 ± 1.414 | |
Escherichia coli ATCC 10537 | 8 ± 0.094 | 12 ± 1.4142 | 15 ± 0.816 | 16 ± 0.957 | |
Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 | 18 ± 0.471 | 20 ± 0.8164 | 22 ± 0.816 | 25 ± 0.957 |
Bacterial Strains | Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 | K. pnuemoniae ATCC 27729 | Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29737 | E. coli ATCC 10537 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concentration µg/mL | Optical Density (O.D) at 600 nm | ||||
100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
25 | 0 | 0.744 | 0.848 | 1.385 | |
12.5 | 1.251 | 0.796 | 0.804 | 1.493 | |
6.25 | 1.185 | 0.862 | 0.758 | 1.243 | |
3.125 | 1.119 | 0.929 | 0.713 | 1.28 | |
1.562 | 0.858 | 0.947 | 0.68 | 1.263 |
Bacterial Strains | Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 | Klebsiells pnuemoniae ATCC 27729 | Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29737 | Esherishia coli ATCC 10537 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concentration µg/mL | |||||
100 | - | - | - | - | |
50 | +++ | - | +++ | +++ | |
25 | +++ | - | +++ | +++ | |
12.5 | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | |
6.25 | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | |
3.125 | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | |
1.175 | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | |
0.75 | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | |
0.25 | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ |
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Mokhtar, L.M.; Salim, I.A.; Alotaibi, S.N.; Awaji, E.A.; Alotaibi, M.M.; Doman, A.O. Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Extract of Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) (azkhar) Collected from Afif City, Saudi Arabia. Life 2023, 13, 1451. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13071451
Mokhtar LM, Salim IA, Alotaibi SN, Awaji EA, Alotaibi MM, Doman AO. Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Extract of Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) (azkhar) Collected from Afif City, Saudi Arabia. Life. 2023; 13(7):1451. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13071451
Chicago/Turabian StyleMokhtar, Leila M., Inaam A. Salim, Setah N. Alotaibi, Eman A. Awaji, Maha M. Alotaibi, and Ayidah O. Doman. 2023. "Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Extract of Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) (azkhar) Collected from Afif City, Saudi Arabia" Life 13, no. 7: 1451. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13071451