Comparison of Smoothness, Movement Speed and Trajectory during Reaching Movements in Real and Virtual Spaces Using a Head-Mounted Display
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Equipment and Environment
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Data and Statistical Analysis
- t1: Start of Movement, t2: End of Movement
- the third derivatives of the spatial coordinates x, y and z
- Length of Reach Trajectory
- Length of Reach Trajectory
- , ,
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Real | VR | 95%CI | T Value | Z Value | p Value | Effect Size | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Median [IQR] | Mean (SD) | Median [IQR] | ||||||
NJC [×104] | 2.73 [1.51–12.4] | 2.84 [1.39–10.8] | −1.097 | 0.273 | 0.01 ‡ | ||||
trajectory length ratio | 1.13 [1.08–1.22] | 1.1 [1.07–1.23] | −2.71 | 0.007 * | 0.09 ‡ | ||||
time of peak velocity [%] | 46.6 (14.0) | 46.9 (16.1) | [−3.56–2.97] | −0.179 | 0.858 | 0.02 † |
Target | Real | VR | 95%CI | T Value | Z Value | p Value | Effect Size | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Median [IQR] | Mean (SD) | Median [IQR] | |||||||
NJC [×104] | ① far-left | 3.50 [2.30–11.1] | 4.01 [2.59–34.0] | −1.183 | 0.237 | 0.10 ‡ | ||||
② far-middle | 2.66 [1.47–14.4] | 3.25 [1.67–33.3] | −0.668 | 0.504 | 0.03 ‡ | |||||
③ far-right | 4.30 [2.29–18.1] | 3.78 [1.77–14.6] | −1.82 | 0.069 | 0.11 ‡ | |||||
④ near-left | 2.47 [1.70–13.1] | 2.65 [1.71–11.2] | −0.113 | 0.910 | 0.02 ‡ | |||||
⑤ near-middle | 1.68 [0.886–7.57] | 1.51 [0.989–7.34] | −0.195 | 0.845 | 0.01 ‡ | |||||
⑥ near-right | 2.67 [1.26–13.4] | 2.36 [0.884–9.23] | −1.203 | 0.229 | 0.11 ‡ | |||||
trajectory length ratio | ① far-left | 1.10 [1.06–1.18] | 1.09 [1.05–1.28] | −0.072 | 0.943 | 0.08 ‡ | ||||
② far-middle | 1.12 [1.08–1.20] | 1.11 [1.08–1.28] | −0.237 | 0.813 | 0.02 ‡ | |||||
③ far-right | 1.15 [1.11–1.22] | 1.12 [1.08–1.25] | −1.656 | 0.098 | 0.14 ‡ | |||||
④ near-left | 1.08 [1.05–1.17] | 1.06 [1.04–1.14] | −2.347 | 0.015 * | 0.24 ‡ | |||||
⑤ near-middle | 1.13 [1.08–1.29] | 1.11 [1.07–1.26] | −2.067 | 0.039 * | 0.15 ‡ | |||||
⑥ near-right | 1.17 [1.13–1.27] | 1.15 [1.09–1.38] | −0.607 | 0.544 | 0.07 ‡ | |||||
time of peak velocity [%] | ① far-left | 50.0 (11.3) | 41.3 (15.3) | [1.72–15.8] | 2.546 | 0.016 * | 0.65 † | |||
② far-middle | 46.9 (12.69 | 43.9 (14.3) | [−4.49–10.5] | 0.817 | 0.421 | 0.22 † | ||||
③ far-right | 47.9 [37.0–55.2] | 45.8 [38.6–54.1] | −0.524 | 0.6 | 0.07 ‡ | |||||
④ near-left | 46.2 (11.6) | 48.5 (16.4) | [−11.3–6.72] | −0.523 | 0.605 | 0.16 † | ||||
⑤ near-middle | 47.4 [33.1–62.5] | 49.1 [36.3–63.8] | 0.524 | 0.6 | 0.05 ‡ | |||||
⑥ near-right | 44.1 (18.9) | 53.4 (15.8) | −2.132 | 0.042 * | 0.53 † |
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Kato, N.; Iuchi, T.; Murabayashi, K.; Tanaka, T. Comparison of Smoothness, Movement Speed and Trajectory during Reaching Movements in Real and Virtual Spaces Using a Head-Mounted Display. Life 2023, 13, 1618. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13081618
Kato N, Iuchi T, Murabayashi K, Tanaka T. Comparison of Smoothness, Movement Speed and Trajectory during Reaching Movements in Real and Virtual Spaces Using a Head-Mounted Display. Life. 2023; 13(8):1618. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13081618
Chicago/Turabian StyleKato, Norio, Tomoya Iuchi, Katsunobu Murabayashi, and Toshiaki Tanaka. 2023. "Comparison of Smoothness, Movement Speed and Trajectory during Reaching Movements in Real and Virtual Spaces Using a Head-Mounted Display" Life 13, no. 8: 1618. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13081618