Diaphragmatic Ultrasonography in Sports Performance: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Eligibility Criteria
2.2. Source of Information
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Methodological Quality Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection
3.2. Characteristics of Excluded Studies
3.3. Characteristics of Included Studies
3.4. Risk of Bias and Methodological Quality Assessment
3.5. Results of the Association between Diaphragmatic Thickness/Excursion and Sports Performance
3.6. Results of the Association between Peak Respiratory Pressures and Sports Performance
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Scheme | Type of Study | Objective | n Total | Sex (%M) | Type of Sports | Age * (n) | Main Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brown et al., 2013 (UK) [28] | Control-Case | To investigate the functional changes in the ventilatory system of elite powerlifters | 20 | 50 | Powerlifting | Powerlifting (10): 28 ± 11.3/untrained (10): 25 ± 4.1 | Maximal pulmonary pressures and diaphragm thickness were greater in powerlifters compared to controls. |
West et al., 2013 (ENG) [27] | Randomized controlled trial | To determinate if inspiratory muscle training (IMT) improves respiratory structure and function and peak exercise responses in highly trained athletes with cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). | 10 | 90 | Wheelchair rugby | Placebo group (5): 27.9 ± 2.8/IMT group (5): 30.5 ± 2.2 | IMT resulted in significant diaphragmatic hypertrophy and increased inspiratory muscle strength in highly trained athletes with cervical SCI. |
Farias et al., 2023 (BR) [23] | Cross-sectional | Assess the association between diaphragm thickness and the physical performance of athletes and the effects of COVID-19 infection on these parameters. | 63 | 81 | Soccer referee, karate, cycling, soccer, athletics, swimming, running, triathlon, martial arts, and judo | Males (51): 23.44 ± 9.65; Females (12): 16.67 ± 5.03 | No significant association between diagram thickness and maximum oxygen consumption. |
Ichiba et al., 2020 (JP) [24] | Cross-sectional | Determine the relationship between pulmonary function, pitching distance, and psychologicalcompetitive ability of Japanese boccia players. | 13 | 77 | Boccia | 32.9 ± 12.0 | Significant correlations between diaphragm excursion, weight, and pitching distance. |
Erail et al., 2022 (TR) [26] | Case–control | Examine the correlation between the aerobic and anaerobic performance of diaphragm thickness in athletes | 40 | 100 | Soccer, basketball, volleyball players, individual athletes, sprinter, wrestling, and judo | TA (15): 21.80 ± 2.40 IA (15): 18.93 ± 2.31 CON (10): 23.60 ± 2.91 | Greater diaphragmatic thickness in athletes correlates with anaerobic activities and thinner diaphragm with higher VO2Max levels. |
Palac et al., 2023 (POL) [25] | Cross-sectional | Determine the relationship between ultrasound imaging of respiratory muscles during tidal breathing and running tests | 22 | 100 | Football players | 17.1 ± 0.29 | Diaphragmatic excursion is positively correlated with 5 m and 10 m speed tests, respectively, in adolescent football players. |
Scheme | Measure | Subgroups | Variable | Results | p Value | Correlation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brown et al., 2013 [28] | Respiratory muscle function | Powerlifter | Diaphragm thickness in expiration (mm) | 3.10 ± 0.99 | <0.01 | NR |
Untrained | 2.06 ± 0.33 | |||||
Powerlifter | Maximal static inspiratory pressure (cmH2O) | −156.8 ± 24.9 | <0.05 | r = 0.518; p = 0.019 a | ||
Untrained | −127.7 ± 35.5 | |||||
Powerlifter | Maximal static expiratory pressure (cmH2O) | 199.9 ± 66.4 | 0.07 | r = 0.671; p = 0.001 a | ||
Untrained | 153.4 ± 41.6 | |||||
Sports Performance | Powerlifter | Muscle strength test (kg) | 735 ± 211.3 | <0.05 | r = 0.825; p = 0.03 a | |
Untrained | no measured | |||||
West et al., 2013 [27] | Respiratory muscle function | Placebo | Diaphragm thickness (mm) | Pre: 3.42 ± 0.21/Post: 3.32 ± 0.20 | 0.001 | NR |
IMT | Pre: 3.13 ± 0.17/Post: 3.79 ± 0.06 | |||||
Placebo | Maximum static inspiratory pressure (cmH2O) | Pre: −122 ± 12/Post: −116 ± 15 | 0.017 | r = 0.25, p = 0.67 a | ||
IMT | Pre: −121 ± 17/Post: −135 ± 15 | |||||
Placebo | Maximum static expiratory pressure (cmH2O) | Pre: 72 ± 16/Post: 71 ± 15 | <0.01 | NR | ||
IMT | Pre: 78 ± 19/Post: 94 ± 19 | |||||
Sports Performance | Placebo | Work rate (W) | Pre: 53.3 ± 13.7/Post: 54.3 ± 15.3 | 0.034 | NR | |
IMT | Pre: 54.9 ± 5.9/Post: 63.1 ± 6.1 | |||||
Placebo | Oxygen uptake-VO2 (L/min) | Pre: 1.11 ± 0.24/Post: 1.08 ± 0.28 | 0.077 | NR | ||
IMT | Pre: 1.08 ± 0.17/Post: 1.27 ± 0.12 | |||||
Farias et al., 2023 [23] | Respiratory muscle function | All participants | Diaphragm thickness (%) | Females: 61.00 ± 0.2 | 0.22 | NR |
Males: 55.00 ± 0.25 | ||||||
Sports performance | Maximal oxygen uptake-VO2 Max (mL/kg/min) | Females: 39.34 ± 1.74 | r = 0.30; p = 0.22 | |||
Males: 41.25 ± 6.84 | ||||||
Ichiba et al., 2020 [24] | Respiratory muscle function | All participants | Diaphragm excursion (mm) | Resting inspiration: 1.76 ± 0.45 | NR | r = 0.598, p = 0.05 b |
Resting expiration: 1.42 ± 0.47 | NR | r = 0.620, p = 0.05 b | ||||
Maximal inspiration: 3.9 ± 1.36 | NR | r = 0.589, p = 0.05 b | ||||
Maximal expiration: 1.05 ± 0.31 | NR | NR | ||||
Maximum static inspiratory pressure (cm/H2O) | −53.1 ± 25.4 | NR | NR | |||
Maximum static expiratory pressure (cm/H2O) | 50.7 ± 25.1 | NR | ||||
Sport performance | Pitching distance (mts) | 18.09 ± 7.86 | NR | |||
Erail et al., 2022 [26] | Respiratory muscle function | IA | Maximum static inspiratory pressure (cmH2O) | −129.80 ± 28.93 | 0.010 * | r = −0.010 d; r = 0.283 c; p > 0.05 |
TA | −110.67 ± 24.99 | NR | r = −0.122 d; r = −0.295 c; p > 0.05 | |||
CON | −94.8 ± 26.36 | NR | r = −0.211 d; r = 0.082 c; p > 0.05 | |||
IA | Maximum static expiratory pressure (cmH2O) | 168.87 ± 48.73 | 0.001 * | r = 0.156 d; r = 0.064 c; p > 0.05 | ||
TA | 134.67 ± 26.07 | NR | r = −0.009 d; r = 0.333 c; p > 0.05 | |||
CON | 102.6 ± 29.31 | NR | r = −0.269 d; r = −0.011 c; p > 0.05 | |||
IA | Diaphragmatic thickness in inspiration (mm) | 5.67 ± 1.19 | 0.048 | Reported correlations with other parameters with letter c | ||
TA | 4.87 ± 1.16 | |||||
CON | 4.56 ± 1.19 | |||||
IA | Diaphragmatic thickness in expiration (mm) | 1.94 ± 0.43 | 0.001 | Reported correlations with other parameters with letter d | ||
TA | 1.61 ± 0.21 | |||||
CON | 1.40 ± 0.25 | |||||
Sport performance | IA | Average power (W) | 619.99 ± 127.74 | 0.008 * | r = 0.483 c; p < 0.05 | |
TA | 556.37 ± 96.05 | NR | r = 0.085 d; r = 0.306 c; p > 0.05 | |||
CON | 469.71 ± 93.94 | NR | r = 0.054 d; r = 0.180 c; p > 0.05 | |||
IA | Peak power (W) | 878.33 ± 207.59 | 0.008 * | r = 0.495 c; p < 0.05 | ||
TA | 749.47 ± 137.41 | NR | r = 0.477 c; p < 0.05 | |||
CON | 649.25 ± 159.08 | NR | r = −0.04; r = −0.049; p > 0.05 | |||
IA | Maximal oxygen uptake-VO2 Max (mL/kg/min) | 54.39 ± 7.07 | 0.006 * | r = −0.551 c; p < 0.05 | ||
TA | 57.56 ± 6.93 | 0.001 * | r = 0.169 d; r = -0.230 c; p > 0.05 | |||
CON | 46.76 ± 3.68 | NR | r = −0.095 d; r = 0.049 c; p > 0.05 | |||
Palac et al., 2023 [25] | Respiratory muscle function | All participants | Diaphragm excursion (cm) | 4.73 ± 1.45 | NR | r = 0.46; p = 0.04 e |
Diaphragm thickness end of tidal inspiration (mm) | 2.09 ± 0.85 | NR | Reported correlations with other parameters with letter c | |||
Diaphragm thickness end of tidal expiration (mm) | 1.71 ± 0.59 | NR | Reported correlations with other parameters with letter d | |||
Sport performance | Shuttle run test (total number of completed 20 m repetitions) | 127 ± 13.2 | NR | r = 0.01, p = 0.98 c; r = 0.10, p = 0.66 d | ||
Maximal oxygen uptake-VO2 Max (mL/kg/min) | 56.2 ± 3.54 | NR | r = 0.17, p = 0.45 c; r = 0.29, p = 0.18 d | |||
Speed test-distance 5 m (s) | 1.03 ± 0.005 | NR | r = −0.07, p = 0.75 c r = −0.27, p = 0,23 d | |||
Speed test-distance 10 m (s) | 1.87 ± 0.52 | NR | r = −0.06, p = 0.8 c; r = −0.12, p = 0.6 d | |||
Speed test-distance 30 m (s) | 4.19 ± 0.20 | NR | r = 0,22, p = 0.34 c; r = 0.25, p = 0.25 d |
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Payán-Salcedo, H.A.; Arias-Coronel, F.; Estela-Zape, J.L.; Serna-Orozco, M.F. Diaphragmatic Ultrasonography in Sports Performance: A Systematic Review. Life 2024, 14, 1250. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101250
Payán-Salcedo HA, Arias-Coronel F, Estela-Zape JL, Serna-Orozco MF. Diaphragmatic Ultrasonography in Sports Performance: A Systematic Review. Life. 2024; 14(10):1250. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101250
Chicago/Turabian StylePayán-Salcedo, Harold Andrés, Florencio Arias-Coronel, Jose Luis Estela-Zape, and Maria Fernanda Serna-Orozco. 2024. "Diaphragmatic Ultrasonography in Sports Performance: A Systematic Review" Life 14, no. 10: 1250. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101250