Characterization Methods for Nanoparticle–Skin Interactions: An Overview
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Nanocarriers for Skin Applications
3. Nanocarrier Physicochemical Properties and Characterization Techniques
3.1. NP Size Distribution
3.2. NP Shape
3.3. NP Inner Structural Organization
3.4. NP Surface Charge
4. Nanoparticle Interaction with Skin and Cellular Uptake
5. Methods to Characterize Nanoparticle–Skin Interactions
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Correction Statement
References
- Gupta, S.; Bansal, R.; Gupta, S.; Jindal, N.; Jindal, A. Nanocarriers and Nanoparticles for Skin Care and Dermatological Treatments. Indian Dermatol. Online J. 2013, 4, 267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alonso, L.; Fuchs, E. Stem Cells of the Skin Epithelium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100, 11830–11835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bielfeldt, S.; Bonnier, F.; Byrne, H.J.; Chourpa, I.; Dancik, Y.; Lane, M.E.; Lunter, D.J.; Munnier, E.; Puppels, G.; Tfayli, A.; et al. Monitoring Dermal Penetration and Permeation Kinetics of Topical Products; the Role of Raman Microspectroscopy. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2022, 156, 116709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Esposito, E.; Nastruzzi, C.; Sguizzato, M.; Cortesi, R. Nanomedicines to Treat Skin Pathologies with Natural Molecules. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2019, 25, 2323–2337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hallan, S.S.; Sguizzato, M.; Drechsler, M.; Mariani, P.; Montesi, L.; Cortesi, R.; Björklund, S.; Ruzgas, T.; Esposito, E. The Potential of Caffeic Acid Lipid Nanoparticulate Systems for Skin Application: In Vitro Assays to Assess Delivery and Antioxidant Effect. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zeng, L.; Gowda, B.H.J.; Ahmed, M.G.; Abourehab, M.A.S.; Chen, Z.S.; Zhang, C.; Li, J.; Kesharwani, P. Advancements in Nanoparticle-Based Treatment Approaches for Skin Cancer Therapy. Mol. Cancer 2023, 22, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kaur, H.; Kesharwani, P. Advanced Nanomedicine Approaches Applied for Treatment of Skin Carcinoma. J. Control. Release 2021, 337, 589–611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bortot, B.; Romani, A.; Ricci, G.; Biffi, S. Exploiting Extracellular Vesicles Strategies to Modulate Cell Death and Inflammation in COVID-19. Front. Pharmacol. 2022, 13, 877422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Behzadi, S.; Serpooshan, V.; Tao, W.; Hamaly, M.A.; Alkawareek, M.Y.; Dreaden, E.C.; Brown, D.; Alkilany, A.M.; Farokhzad, O.C.; Mahmoudi, M. Cellular Uptake of Nanoparticles: Journey inside the Cell. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, 46, 4218–4244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raszewska-Famielec, M.; Flieger, J. Nanoparticles for Topical Application in the Treatment of Skin Dysfunctions—An Overview of Dermo-Cosmetic and Dermatological Products. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 15980. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsujimoto, H.; Hara, K. Development of Functional Skin Care Cosmetics Using Biodegradable PLGA Nanospheres. In Nanoparticle Technology Handbook; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2018; pp. 445–450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arunraj, T.R.; Rejinold, N.S.; Mangalathillam, S.; Saroj, S.; Biswas, R.; Jayakumar, R. Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activities of Curcumin Nanospheres. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 2014, 10, 238–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lboutounne, H.; Chaulet, J.F.; Ploton, C.; Falson, F.; Pirot, F. Sustained Ex Vivo Skin Antiseptic Activity of Chlorhexidine in Poly(ϵ-Caprolactone) Nanocapsule Encapsulated Form and as a Digluconate. J. Control. Release 2002, 82, 319–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ivanova, K.; Ivanova, A.; Ramon, E.; Hoyo, J.; Sanchez-Gomez, S.; Tzanov, T. Antibody-Enabled Antimicrobial Nanocapsules for Selective Elimination of Staphylococcus aureus. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 35918–35927. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alvarez-Román, R.; Barré, G.; Guya, R.H.; Fessi, H. Biodegradable Polymer Nanocapsules Containing a Sunscreen Agent: Preparation and Photoprotection. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2001, 52, 191–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marchiori, M.C.L.; Rigon, C.; Camponogara, C.; Oliveira, S.M.; Cruz, L. Hydrogel Containing Silibinin-Loaded Pomegranate Oil Based Nanocapsules Exhibits Anti-Inflammatory Effects on Skin Damage UVB Radiation-Induced in Mice. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 2017, 170, 25–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferrari Cervi, V.; Parcianello Saccol, C.; Henrique Marcondes Sari, M.; Cristóvão Martins, C.; Saldanha da Rosa, L.; Dias Ilha, B.; Zovico Soares, F.; Luchese, C.; Antunes Wilhelm, E.; Cruz, L. Pullulan Film Incorporated with Nanocapsules Improves Pomegranate Seed Oil Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects in the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis in Mice. Int. J. Pharm. 2021, 609, 121144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Naseri, N.; Valizadeh, H.; Zakeri-Milani, P. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: Structure, Preparation and Application. Adv. Pharm. Bull. 2015, 5, 305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suter, F.; Schmid, D.; Wandrey, F.; Zülli, F. Heptapeptide-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Cosmetic Anti-Aging Applications. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2016, 108, 304–309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jose, J.; Netto, G. Role of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as Photoprotective Agents in Cosmetics. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 2019, 18, 315–321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jain, A.K.; Jain, A.; Garg, N.K.; Agarwal, A.; Jain, A.; Jain, S.A.; Tyagi, R.K.; Jain, R.K.; Agrawal, H.; Agrawal, G.P. Adapalene Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Gel: An Effective Approach for Acne Treatment. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2014, 121, 222–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arora, R.; Katiyar, S.S.; Kushwah, V.; Jain, S. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carrier-Based Nanotherapeutics in Treatment of Psoriasis: A Comparative Study. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 2017, 14, 165–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cortés, H.; Del Prado-Audelo, M.L.; Urbán-Morlán, Z.; Alcalá-Alcalá, S.; González-Torres, M.; Reyes-Hernández, O.D.; González-Del Carmen, M.; Leyva-Gómez, G. Pharmacological Treatments for Cutaneous Manifestations of Inherited Ichthyoses. Arch Dermatol. Res. 2020, 312, 237–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shahraeini, S.S.; Akbari, J.; Saeedi, M.; Morteza-Semnani, K.; Abootorabi, S.; Dehghanpoor, M.; Rostamkalaei, S.S.; Nokhodchi, A. Atorvastatin Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as a Promising Approach for Dermal Delivery and an Anti-Inflammatory Agent. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020, 21, 263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Serini, S.; Cassano, R.; Facchinetti, E.; Amendola, G.; Trombino, S.; Calviello, G. Anti-Irritant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of DHA Encapsulated in Resveratrol-Based Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in Human Keratinocytes. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Khan, S.; Sharma, A.; Jain, V. An Overview of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers and Its Application in Drug Delivery through Different Routes. Adv. Pharm. Bull. 2023, 13, 446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Anantaworasakul, P.; Anuchapreeda, S.; Yotsawimonwat, S.; Naksuriya, O.; Lekawanvijit, S.; Tovanabutra, N.; Anantaworasakul, P.; Wattanasri, W.; Buranapreecha, N.; Ampasavate, C. Nanomaterial Lipid-Based Carrier for Non-Invasive Capsaicin Delivery; Manufacturing Scale-Up and Human Irritation Assessment. Molecules 2020, 25, 5575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rincón, M.; Calpena, A.C.; Fabrega, M.J.; Garduño-Ramírez, M.L.; Espina, M.; Rodríguez-Lagunas, M.J.; García, M.L.; Abrego, G. Development of Pranoprofen Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers to Improve Its Release and Therapeutic Efficacy in Skin Inflammatory Disorders. Nanomaterials 2018, 8, 1022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wen, M.M.; Abdelwahab, I.A.; Aly, R.G.; El-Zahaby, S.A. Nanophyto-Gel against Multi-Drug Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Burn Wound Infection. Drug Deliv. 2021, 28, 463–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rajinikanth, P.S.; Chellian, J. Development and Evaluation of Nanostructured Lipid Carrier-Based Hydrogel for Topical Delivery of 5-Fluorouracil. Int. J. Nanomed. 2016, 11, 5067–5077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arianto, A.; Cindy, C. Preparation and Evaluation of Sunflower Oil Nanoemulsion as a Sunscreen. Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci. 2019, 7, 3757. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cerqueira-Coutinho, C.; Santos-Oliveira, R.; dos Santos, E.; Mansur, C.R. Development of a Photoprotective and Antioxidant Nanoemulsion Containing Chitosan as an Agent for Improving Skin Retention. Eng. Life Sci. 2015, 15, 593–604. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tofani, R.P.; Sumirtapura, Y.C.; Darijanto, S.T. Formulation, Characterisation, and in Vitro Skin Diffusion of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Deoxyarbutin Compared to a Nanoemulsion and Conventional Cream. Sci. Pharm. 2016, 84, 634–645. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nastiti, C.M.R.R.; Ponto, T.; Abd, E.; Grice, J.E.; Benson, H.A.E.; Roberts, M.S. Topical Nano and Microemulsions for Skin Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2017, 9, 37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salim, N.; Jose García-Celma, M.; Escribano, E.; Nolla, J.; Llinàs, M.; Basri, M.; Solans, C.; Esquena, J.; Tadros, T.F. Formation of Nanoemulsion Containing Ibuprofen by PIC Method for Topical Delivery. Mater. Today Proc. 2018, 5, S172–S179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shakeel, F.; Haq, N.; Al-Dhfyan, A.; Alanazi, F.K.; Alsarra, I.A. Chemoprevention of Skin Cancer Using Low HLB Surfactant Nanoemulsion of 5-Fluorouracil: A Preliminary Study. Drug Deliv. 2015, 22, 573–580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fofaria, N.M.; Qhattal, H.S.S.; Liu, X.; Srivastava, S.K. Nanoemulsion Formulations for Anti-Cancer Agent Piplartine—Characterization, Toxicological, Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy Studies. Int. J. Pharm. 2016, 498, 12–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cao, Z.; Spilker, T.; Fan, Y.; Kalikin, L.M.; Ciotti, S.; Lipuma, J.J.; Makidon, P.E.; Wilkinson, J.E.; Baker, J.R.; Wang, S.H. Nanoemulsion Is an Effective Antimicrobial for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Infected Wounds. Nanomedicine 2017, 12, 1177–1185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferreira, M.; Ogren, M.; Dias, J.N.R.; Silva, M.; Gil, S.; Tavares, L.; Aires-Da-silva, F.; Gaspar, M.M.; Aguiar, S.I. Liposomes as Antibiotic Delivery Systems: A Promising Nanotechnological Strategy against Antimicrobial Resistance. Molecules 2021, 26, 2047. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scriboni, A.B.; Couto, V.M.; De Morais Ribeiro, L.N.; Freires, I.A.; Groppo, F.C.; De Paula, E.; Franz-Montan, M.; Cogo-Müller, K. Fusogenic Liposomes Increase the Antimicrobial Activity of Vancomycin against Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm. Front. Pharmacol. 2019, 10, 454210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yadav, K.; Singh, D.; Singh, M.R.; Pradhan, M. Multifaceted Targeting of Cationic Liposomes via Co-Delivery of Anti-IL-17 SiRNA and Corticosteroid for Topical Treatment of Psoriasis. Med. Hypotheses 2020, 145, 110322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, C.; Cheng, X.; Wu, Y.; Xu, W.; Xia, H.; Jia, R.; Liu, Y.; Shen, S.; Xu, Y.; Cheng, Z. Antioxidant Activity of Quercetin-Containing Liposomes-in-Gel and Its Effect on Prevention and Treatment of Cutaneous Eczema. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 1184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Caddeo, C.; Sales, O.D.; Valenti, D.; Saurí, A.R.; Fadda, A.M.; Manconi, M. Inhibition of Skin Inflammation in Mice by Diclofenac in Vesicular Carriers: Liposomes, Ethosomes and PEVs. Int. J. Pharm. 2013, 443, 128–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kapoor, B.; Singh, S.K.; Gulati, M.; Gupta, R.; Vaidya, Y. Application of Liposomes in Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Quo Vadis. Sci. World J. 2014, 2014, 978351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Saeed, M.; Zalba, S.; Seynhaeve, A.L.B.; Debets, R.; Ten Hagen, T.L.M. Liposomes Targeted to MHC-Restricted Antigen Improve Drug Delivery and Antimelanoma Response. Int. J. Nanomed. 2019, 14, 2069–2089. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nogueira, K.A.B.; Martins, J.R.P.; Lima, T.S.; Alves Junior, J.W.B.; Aquino, A.L.D.C.; de Lima, L.M.F.; Eloy, J.O.; Petrilli, R. Topical Drug Delivery Using Liposomes and Liquid Crystalline Phases for Skin Cancer Therapy. In Advances in Novel Formulations for Drug Delivery; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2023; pp. 153–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Araújo, D.R.; de Morais Ribeiro, L.N.; de Paula, E. Lipid-Based Carriers for the Delivery of Local Anesthetics. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 2019, 16, 701–714. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Araújo, D.R.; Da Silva, D.C.; Barbosa, R.M.; Franz-Montan, M.; Cereda, C.M.; Padula, C.; Santi, P.; De Paula, E. Strategies for Delivering Local Anesthetics to the Skin: Focus on Liposomes, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles, Hydrogels and Patches. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 2013, 10, 1551–1563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhai, Y.; Xu, R.; Wang, Y.; Liu, J.; Wang, Z.; Zhai, G. Ethosomes for Skin Delivery of Ropivacaine: Preparation, Characterization and Ex Vivo Penetration Properties. J. Liposome Res. 2015, 25, 316–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moolakkadath, T.; Aqil, M.; Ahad, A.; Imam, S.S.; Praveen, A.; Sultana, Y.; Mujeeb, M.; Iqbal, Z. Fisetin Loaded Binary Ethosomes for Management of Skin Cancer by Dermal Application on UV Exposed Mice. Int. J. Pharm. 2019, 560, 78–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mousa, I.A.; Hammady, T.M.; Gad, S.; Zaitone, S.A.; El-Sherbiny, M.; Sayed, O.M. Formulation and Characterization of Metformin-Loaded Ethosomes for Topical Application to Experimentally Induced Skin Cancer in Mice. Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15, 657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh Rathore, G.; Singh Tanwar, Y.; Sharma, A. 7092 CODEN(USA): PCJHBA Fluconazole Loaded Ethosomes Gel and Liposomes Gel: An Updated Review for the Treatment of Deep Fungal Skin Infection. Pharm. Chem. J. 2015, 2, 41–50. [Google Scholar]
- Huanbutta, K.; Rattanachitthawat, N.; Luangpraditkun, K.; Sriamornsak, P.; Puri, V.; Singh, I.; Sangnim, T. Development and Evaluation of Ethosomes Loaded with Zingiber Zerumbet Linn Rhizome Extract for Antifungal Skin Infection in Deep Layer Skin. Pharmaceutics 2022, 14, 2765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, X.; Li, F.; Peng, X.; Zeng, K. Formulation and Evaluation of Lidocaine Base Ethosomes for Transdermal Delivery. Anesth. Analg. 2013, 117, 352–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Niu, J.; Yuan, M.; Li, H.; Liu, Y.; Wang, L.; Fan, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, X.; Li, L.; Zhang, J.; et al. Pentapeptide Modified Ethosomes for Enhanced Skin Retention and Topical Efficacy Activity of Indomethacin. Drug Deliv. 2022, 29, 1800–1810. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahmed, S.; Kassem, M.A.; Sayed, S. Co-Polymer Mixed Micelles Enhanced Transdermal Transport of Lornoxicam: In Vitro Characterization, and in Vivo Assessment of Anti-Inflammatory Effect and Antinociceptive Activity. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2021, 62, 102365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Banti, C.N.; Kalampounias, A.G.; Hadjikakou, S.K. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Loaded to Micelles for the Modulation of Their Water Solubility. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 15152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, P.; Zhou, H.; Shu, J.; Fu, S.; Yang, Z. Skin Wound Healing Promoted by Novel Curcumin-Loaded Micelle Hydrogel. Ann. Transl. Med. 2021, 9, 1152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- An, J.Y.; Yang, H.S.; Park, N.R.; Koo, T.S.; Shin, B.; Lee, E.H.; Cho, S.H. Development of Polymeric Micelles of Oleanolic Acid and Evaluation of Their Clinical Efficacy. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2020, 15, 133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, H.; Wen, Y.; Chen, S.; Zhu, L.; Feng, R.; Song, Z. Paclitaxel Skin Delivery by Micelles-Embedded Carbopol 940 Hydrogel for Local Therapy of Melanoma. Int. J. Pharm. 2020, 587, 119626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gökçe, B.B.; Boran, T.; Emlik Çalık, F.; Özhan, G.; Sanyal, R.; Güngör, S. Dermal Delivery and Follicular Targeting of Adapalene Using PAMAM Dendrimers. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res. 2021, 11, 626–646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, J.; Li, B.; Qiu, L.; Qiao, X.; Yang, H. Dendrimer-based drug delivery systems: History, challenges, and latest developments. J. Biol. Eng. 2022, 16, 18–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luganini, A.; Nicoletto, S.F.; Pizzuto, L.; Pirri, G.; Giuliani, A.; Landolfo, S.; Gribaudo, G. Inhibition of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2 Infections by Peptide-Derivatized Dendrimers. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2011, 55, 3231–3239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lazniewska, J.; Milowska, K.; Gabryelak, T. Dendrimers—Revolutionary Drugs for Infectious Diseases. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnology 2012, 4, 469–491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yiyun, C.; Na, M.; Tongwen, X.; Rongqiang, F.; Xueyuan, W.; Xiaomin, W.; Longping, W. Transdermal Delivery of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Mediated by Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) Dendrimers. J. Pharm. Sci. 2007, 96, 595–602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, L.; Shan, J.; Ju, Y.; Aikens, P.; Prud’homme, R.K. Nanoparticles as Delivery Vehicles for Sunscreen Agents. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2012, 396, 122–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, T.; Li, X.; Maier, M.; O’brien-Simpson, N.M.; Heath, D.E.; O’connor, A.J. Using Inorganic Nanoparticles to Fight Fungal Infections in the Antimicrobial Resistant Era. Acta Biomater. 2023, 158, 56–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burns, A.; Self, W.T. Antioxidant Inorganic Nanoparticles and Their Potential Applications in Biomedicine. In Smart Nanoparticles for Biomedicine; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2018; pp. 159–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Capanema, N.S.V.; Carvalho, I.C.; Mansur, A.A.P.; Carvalho, S.M.; Lage, A.P.; Mansur, H.S. Hybrid Hydrogel Composed of Carboxymethylcellulose-Silver Nanoparticles-Doxorubicin for Anticancer and Antibacterial Therapies against Melanoma Skin Cancer Cells. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2019, 2, 7393–7408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guterres, S.S.; Alves, M.P.; Pohlmann, A.R. Polymeric Nanoparticles, Nanospheres and Nanocapsules, for Cutaneous Applications. Drug Target Insights 2007, 2, 117739280700200002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Poletto, F.S.; Beck, R.C.R.; Guterres, S.S.; Pohlmann, A.R. Polymeric Nanocapsules: Concepts and Applications. In Nanocosmetics and Nanomedicines; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2011; pp. 49–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stefanov, S.R.; Andonova, V.Y. Lipid Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems: Recent Advances in the Treatment of Skin Disorders. Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14, 1083. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sguizzato, M.; Esposito, E.; Cortesi, R. Lipid-Based Nanosystems as a Tool to Overcome Skin Barrier. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 8319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sala, M.; Diab, R.; Elaissari, A.; Fessi, H. Lipid Nanocarriers as Skin Drug Delivery Systems: Properties, Mechanisms of Skin Interactions and Medical Applications. Int. J. Pharm. 2018, 535, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paiva-Santos, A.C.; Silva, A.L.; Guerra, C.; Peixoto, D.; Pereira-Silva, M.; Zeinali, M.; Mascarenhas-Melo, F.; Castro, R.; Veiga, F. Ethosomes as Nanocarriers for the Development of Skin Delivery Formulations. Pharm. Res. 2021, 38, 947–970. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Limsuwan, T.; Boonme, P.; Khongkow, P.; Amnuaikit, T. Ethosomes of Phenylethyl Resorcinol as Vesicular Delivery System for Skin Lightening Applications. Biomed. Res. Int. 2017, 2017, 8310979. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fouad, S.A.; Khatab, S.T.; Teaima, M.H.; El-Nabarawi, M.A.; Abdelmonem, R. Nanosized Ethosomal Dispersions for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of Nebivolol Using Intradermal/Transfollicular Sustained Reservoir: In Vitro Evaluation, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, and in Vivo Pharmacokinetic Studies. Pharm. Dev. Technol. 2024, 29, 40–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harwansh, R.K.; Deshmukh, R.; Rahman, M.A. Nanoemulsion: Promising Nanocarrier System for Delivery of Herbal Bioactives. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2019, 51, 224–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, Y.; Meher, J.G.; Raval, K.; Khan, F.A.; Chaurasia, M.; Jain, N.K.; Chourasia, M.K. Nanoemulsion: Concepts, Development and Applications in Drug Delivery. J. Control. Release 2017, 252, 28–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yotsumoto, K.; Ishii, K.; Kokubo, M.; Yasuoka, S. Improvement of the Skin Penetration of Hydrophobic Drugs by Polymeric Micelles. Int. J. Pharm. 2018, 553, 132–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharif Makhmalzade, B.; Chavoshy, F. Polymeric Micelles as Cutaneous Drug Delivery System in Normal Skin and Dermatological Disorders. J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res. 2018, 9, 2–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, M.; Fan, A.; Wang, Z.; Zhao, Y. Dendrimer-Mediated Drug Delivery to the Skin. Soft Matter 2012, 8, 4301–4305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Venuganti, V.V.K.; Perumal, O.P. Poly(Amidoamine) Dendrimers as Skin Penetration Enhancers: Influence of Charge, Generation, and Concentration. J. Pharm. Sci. 2009, 98, 2345–2356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Labouta, H.I.; Schneider, M. Interaction of Inorganic Nanoparticles with the Skin Barrier: Current Status and Critical Review. Nanomedicine 2013, 9, 39–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, P.C.; Lin, S.; Wang, P.C.; Sridhar, R. Techniques for Physicochemical Characterization of Nanomaterials. Biotechnol. Adv. 2014, 32, 711–726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Draviana, H.T.; Fitriannisa, I.; Khafid, M.; Krisnawati, D.I.; Widodo; Lai, C.H.; Fan, Y.J.; Kuo, T.R. Size and Charge Effects of Metal Nanoclusters on Antibacterial Mechanisms. J. Nanobiotechnology 2023, 21, 428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, L.; Zhang, J.; Watanabe, W. Physical and Chemical Stability of Drug Nanoparticles. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2011, 63, 456–469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manaia, E.B.; Abuçafy, M.P.; Chiari-Andréo, B.G.; Silva, B.L.; Oshiro Junior, J.A.; Chiavacci, L.A. Physicochemical Characterization of Drug Nanocarriers. Int. J. Nanomed. 2017, 12, 4991–5011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eslahian, K.A.; Lang, T.; Bantz, C.; Keller, R.; Sperling, R.; Docter, D.; Stauber, R.; Maskos, M. Characterization of Nanoparticles under Physiological Conditions. Meas. Biol. Impacts Nanomater. 2016, 5, 1–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arno, M.C.; Inam, M.; Weems, A.C.; Li, Z.; Binch, A.L.A.; Platt, C.I.; Richardson, S.M.; Hoyland, J.A.; Dove, A.P.; O’Reilly, R.K. Exploiting the Role of Nanoparticle Shape in Enhancing Hydrogel Adhesive and Mechanical Properties. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 1420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kladko, D.V.; Falchevskaya, A.S.; Serov, N.S.; Prilepskii, A.Y. Nanomaterial Shape Influence on Cell Behavior. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 5266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peltonen, L.; Singhal, M.; Hirvonen, J. Principles of Nanosized Drug Delivery Systems. In Nanoengineered Biomaterials for Advanced Drug Delivery; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2020; pp. 3–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mühlfeld, C.; Rothen-Rutishauser, B.; Vanhecke, D.; Blank, F.; Gehr, P.; Ochs, M. Visualization and Quantitative Analysis of Nanoparticles in the Respiratory Tract by Transmission Electron Microscopy. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2007, 4, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ilett, M.; S’Ari, M.; Freeman, H.; Aslam, Z.; Koniuch, N.; Afzali, M.; Cattle, J.; Hooley, R.; Roncal-Herrero, T.; Collins, S.M.; et al. Analysis of Complex, Beam-Sensitive Materials by Transmission Electron Microscopy and Associated Techniques: TEM of Beam Sensitive Materials. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 2020, 378, 20190601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chaupard, M.; de Frutos, M.; Gref, R. Deciphering the Structure and Chemical Composition of Drug Nanocarriers: From Bulk Approaches to Individual Nanoparticle Characterization. Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 2021, 38, 2100022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Falsafi, S.R.; Rostamabadi, H.; Assadpour, E.; Jafari, S.M. Morphology and Microstructural Analysis of Bioactive-Loaded Micro/Nanocarriers via Microscopy Techniques; CLSM/SEM/TEM/AFM. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2020, 280, 102166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dudkiewicz, A.; Tiede, K.; Loeschner, K.; Jensen, L.H.S.; Jensen, E.; Wierzbicki, R.; Boxall, A.B.A.; Molhave, K. Characterization of Nanomaterials in Food by Electron Microscopy. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2011, 30, 28–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reifarth, M.; Hoeppener, S.; Schubert, U.S. Uptake and Intracellular Fate of Engineered Nanoparticles in Mammalian Cells: Capabilities and Limitations of Transmission Electron Microscopy—Polymer-Based Nanoparticles. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1703704. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, C.; Chen, C.; Li, Y.; Gu, R.; Yan, X. Characterization of Lipid-Based Nanomedicines at the Single-Particle Level. Fundam. Res. 2023, 3, 488–504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, W.; Yoon, D.K. Electron Microscopy Analysis of Soft Materials with Freeze-Fracture Techniques. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2023, 44, 153–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sarrazin, B.; Tsapis, N.; Mousnier, L.; Taulier, N.; Urbach, W.; Guenoun, P. AFM Investigation of Liquid-Filled Polymer Microcapsules Elasticity. Langmuir 2016, 32, 4610–4618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Müller, D.J.; Dumitru, A.C.; Lo Giudice, C.; Gaub, H.E.; Hinterdorfer, P.; Hummer, G.; De Yoreo, J.J.; Dufrêne, Y.F.; Alsteens, D. Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Force Spectroscopy and Multiparametric Imaging of Biomolecular and Cellular Systems. Chem. Rev. 2021, 121, 11701–11725. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lamprecht, C.; Hinterdorfer, P.; Ebner, A. Applications of Biosensing Atomic Force Microscopy in Monitoring Drug and Nanoparticle Delivery. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 2014, 11, 1237–1253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Klang, V.; Valenta, C.; Matsko, N.B. Electron Microscopy of Pharmaceutical Systems. Micron 2013, 44, 45–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saweres-Argüelles, C.; Ramírez-Novillo, I.; Vergara-Barberán, M.; Carrasco-Correa, E.J.; Lerma-García, M.J.; Simó-Alfonso, E.F. Skin Absorption of Inorganic Nanoparticles and Their Toxicity: A Review. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2023, 182, 128–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Allain, V.; Bourgaux, C.; Couvreur, P. Self-Assembled Nucleolipids: From Supramolecular Structure to Soft Nucleic Acid and Drug Delivery Devices. Nucleic Acids Res. 2012, 40, 1891–1903. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Geszke-Moritz, M.; Moritz, M. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as Attractive Drug Vehicles: Composition, Properties and Therapeutic Strategies. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2016, 68, 982–994. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, H.; Wei, X.; Zhao, J.; He, L.; Wang, L.; Wang, M.; Cui, L.; Yu, Y.L.; Li, B.; Li, Y.F. Size Characterization of Nanomaterials in Environmental and Biological Matrices through Non-Electron Microscopic Techniques. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 835, 155399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Esposito, E.; Ravani, L.; Mariani, P.; Contado, C.; Drechsler, M.; Puglia, C.; Cortesi, R. Curcumin Containing Monoolein Aqueous Dispersions: A Preformulative Study. Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl. 2013, 33, 4923–4934. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dutta, A. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Spectrosc. Methods Nanomater. Charact. 2017, 2, 73–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rostamabadi, H.; Falsafi, S.R.; Assadpour, E.; Jafari, S.M. Evaluating the Structural Properties of Bioactive-Loaded Nanocarriers with Modern Analytical Tools. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2020, 19, 3266–3322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pašalić, L.; Maleš, P.; Čikoš, A.; Pem, B.; Bakarić, D. The Rise of FTIR Spectroscopy in the Characterization of Asymmetric Lipid Membranes. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2024, 305, 123488. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wartewig, S.; Neubert, R.H.H. Pharmaceutical Applications of Mid-IR and Raman Spectroscopy. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2005, 57, 1144–1170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Neuville, D.R.; de Ligny, D.; Henderson, G.S. Advances in Raman Spectroscopy Applied to Earth and Material Sciences. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 2014, 78, 509–541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deidda, R.; Sacre, P.Y.; Clavaud, M.; Coïc, L.; Avohou, H.; Hubert, P.; Ziemons, E. Vibrational Spectroscopy in Analysis of Pharmaceuticals: Critical Review of Innovative Portable and Handheld NIR and Raman Spectrophotometers. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2019, 114, 251–259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eskandari, V.; Mehmandoust, S.; Farahani, Z.; Mohammad, N.P.; Hadi, A. Liposomes/Nanoliposomes and Surfaced-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS): A Review. Vib. Spectrosc. 2023, 126, 103536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carvalho, P.M.; Felício, M.R.; Santos, N.C.; Gonçalves, S.; Domingues, M.M. Application of Light Scattering Techniques to Nanoparticle Characterization and Development. Front. Chem. 2018, 6, 237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xu, R. Light Scattering: A Review of Particle Characterization Applications. Particuology 2015, 18, 11–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lunardi, C.N.; Gomes, A.J.; Rocha, F.S.; De Tommaso, J.; Patience, G.S. Experimental Methods in Chemical Engineering: Zeta Potential. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 2021, 99, 627–639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baalousha, M. Effect of Nanomaterial and Media Physicochemical Properties on Nanomaterial Aggregation Kinetics. NanoImpact 2017, 6, 55–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moore, T.L.; Rodriguez-Lorenzo, L.; Hirsch, V.; Balog, S.; Urban, D.; Jud, C.; Rothen-Rutishauser, B.; Lattuada, M.; Petri-Fink, A. Nanoparticle Colloidal Stability in Cell Culture Media and Impact on Cellular Interactions †. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 6287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bhattacharjee, S. DLS and Zeta Potential—What They Are and What They Are Not? J. Control. Release 2016, 235, 337–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Augustine, R.; Hasan, A.; Primavera, R.; Wilson, R.J.; Thakor, A.S.; Kevadiya, B.D. Cellular Uptake and Retention of Nanoparticles: Insights on Particle Properties and Interaction with Cellular Components. Mater. Today Commun. 2020, 25, 101692. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, X.; Landfester, K.; Musyanovych, A.; Guy, R.H. Disposition of Charged Nanoparticles after Their Topical Application to the Skin. Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. 2010, 23, 117–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Abdel-Mottaleb, M.M.A.; Moulari, B.; Beduneau, A.; Pellequer, Y.; Lamprecht, A. Surface-Charge-Dependent Nanoparticles Accumulation in Inflamed Skin. J. Pharm. Sci. 2012, 101, 4231–4239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mardhiah Adib, Z.; Ghanbarzadeh, S.; Kouhsoltani, M.; Yari Khosroshahi, A.; Hamishehkar, H. The Effect of Particle Size on the Deposition of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in Different Skin Layers: A Histological Study. Adv. Pharm. Bull. 2016, 6, 31–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cibrian, D.; de la Fuente, H.; Sánchez-Madrid, F. Metabolic Pathways That Control Skin Homeostasis and Inflammation. Trends Mol. Med. 2020, 26, 975–986. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rancan, F.; Gao, Q.; Graf, C.; Troppens, S.; Hadam, S.; Hackbarth, S.; Kembuan, C.; Blume-Peytavi, U.; Rühl, E.; Lademann, J.; et al. Skin Penetration and Cellular Uptake of Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles with Variable Size, Surface Functionalization, and Colloidal Stability. ACS Nano 2012, 6, 6829–6842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hillaireau, H.; Couvreur, P. Nanocarriers’ Entry into the Cell: Relevance to Drug Delivery. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2009, 66, 2873–2896. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moura de Sousa, J.; Lourenço, M.; Gordo, I. Horizontal Gene Transfer among Host-Associated Microbes. Cell Host Microbe 2023, 31, 513–527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, H.; Murata, M.M.; Chang, H.; Lee, S.H.; Kim, J.; Lee, J.H.; Rho, W.Y.; Jun, B.H. Optical and Electron Microscopy for Analysis of Nanomaterials. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2021, 1309, 277–287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rozo, A.J.; Cox, M.H.; Devitt, A.; Rothnie, A.J.; Goddard, A.D. Biophysical Analysis of Lipidic Nanoparticles. Methods 2020, 180, 45–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brenna, C.; Simioni, C.; Varano, G.; Conti, I.; Costanzi, E.; Melloni, M.; Neri, L.M. Optical Tissue Clearing Associated with 3D Imaging: Application in Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Histochem. Cell Biol. 2022, 157, 497–511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mu, Q.; Jiang, G.; Chen, L.; Zhou, H.; Fourches, D.; Tropsha, A.; Yan, B. Chemical Basis of Interactions between Engineered Nanoparticles and Biological Systems. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 7740–7781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mahmoudi, M. The Need for Robust Characterization of Nanomaterials for Nanomedicine Applications. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 5246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sguizzato, M.; Mariani, P.; Spinozzi, F.; Benedusi, M.; Cervellati, F.; Cortesi, R.; Drechsler, M.; Prieux, R.; Valacchi, G.; Esposito, E. Ethosomes for Coenzyme Q10 Cutaneous Administration: From Design to 3D Skin Tissue Evaluation. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Costanzo, M.; Esposito, E.; Sguizzato, M.; Lacavalla, M.A.; Drechsler, M.; Valacchi, G.; Zancanaro, C.; Malatesta, M. Formulative Study and Intracellular Fate Evaluation of Ethosomes and Transethosomes for Vitamin D3 Delivery. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 5341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shin, H.R.; Kwak, M.; Lee, T.G.; Lee, J.Y. Quantifying the Level of Nanoparticle Uptake in Mammalian Cells Using Flow Cytometry. Nanoscale 2020, 12, 15743–15751. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, W.; Wang, Z.; Wu, Y.; Wu, H.; Chen, T.; Xue, Y.; Wang, Y.; Jiang, C.; Shen, C.; Liu, L.; et al. Mechanisms of Penetration Enhancement and Transport Utilizing Skin Keratine Liposomes for the Topical Delivery of Licochalcone A. Molecules 2022, 27, 2504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, P.-L.; Chen, B.-C.; Gollavelli, G.; Shen, S.-Y.; Yin, Y.-S.; Lei, S.-L.; Jhang, C.-L.; Lee, W.-R.; Ling, Y.-C. Development and Validation of TOF-SIMS and CLSM Imaging Method for Cytotoxicity Study of ZnO Nanoparticles in HaCaT Cells. J. Hazard. Mater. 2014, 277, 3–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ardini, M.; Huang, J.A.; Sánchez, C.S.; Mousavi, M.Z.; Caprettini, V.; Maccaferri, N.; Melle, G.; Bruno, G.; Pasquale, L.; Garoli, D.; et al. Live Intracellular Biorthogonal Imaging by Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Using Alkyne-Silver Nanoparticles Clusters. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 12652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Potara, M.; Bawaskar, M.; Simon, T.; Gaikwad, S.; Licarete, E.; Ingle, A.; Banciu, M.; Vulpoi, A.; Astilean, S.; Rai, M. Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles Performing as Biogenic SERS-Nanotags for Investigation of C26 Colon Carcinoma Cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015, 133, 296–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pogribna, M.; Koonce, N.A.; Mathew, A.; Word, B.; Patri, A.K.; Lyn-Cook, B.; Hammons, G. Effect of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on DNA Methylation in Multiple Human Cell Lines. Nanotoxicology 2020, 14, 534–553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malatesta, M. Transmission Electron Microscopy as a Powerful Tool to Investigate the Interaction of Nanoparticles with Subcellular Structures. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12789. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sanderson, M.J.; Smith, I.; Parker, I.; Bootman, M.D. Fluorescence Microscopy. Cold Spring Harb. Protoc. 2014, 2014, 1042–1065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McKinnon, K.M. Flow Cytometry: An Overview. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 2018, 120, 5.1.1–5.1.11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guida, S.; Arginelli, F.; Farnetani, F.; Ciardo, S.; Bertoni, L.; Manfredini, M.; Zerbinati, N.; Longo, C.; Pellacani, G. Clinical Applications of In Vivo and Ex Vivo Confocal Microscopy. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 1979. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elliott, A.D. Confocal Microscopy: Principles and Modern Practices. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 2020, 92, e68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Friedrich, R.P.; Kappes, M.; Cicha, I.; Tietze, R.; Braun, C.; Schneider-Stock, R.; Nagy, R.; Alexiou, C.; Janko, C. Optical Microscopy Systems for the Detection of Unlabeled Nanoparticles. Int. J. Nanomed. 2022, 17, 2139–2163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Roth, G.A.; Tahiliani, S.; Neu-Baker, N.M.; Brenner, S.A. Hyperspectral Microscopy as an Analytical Tool for Nanomaterials. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnology 2015, 7, 565–579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Esposito, E.; Calderan, L.; Galvan, A.; Cappellozza, E.; Drechsler, M.; Mariani, P.; Pepe, A.; Sguizzato, M.; Vigato, E.; Dalla Pozza, E.; et al. Ex Vivo Evaluation of Ethosomes and Transethosomes Applied on Human Skin: A Comparative Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 15112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vogt, A.; Combadiere, B.; Hadam, S.; Stieler, K.M.; Lademann, J.; Schaefer, H.; Autran, B.; Sterry, W.; Blume-Peytavi, U. 40 Nm, but Not 750 or 1500 Nm, Nanoparticles Enter Epidermal CD1a+ Cells after Transcutaneous Application on Human Skin. J. Investig. Dermatol. 2006, 126, 1316–1322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mahe, B.; Vogt, A.; Liard, C.; Duffy, D.; Abadie, V.; Bonduelle, O.; Boissonnas, A.; Sterry, W.; Verrier, B.; Blume-Peytavi, U.; et al. Nanoparticle-Based Targeting of Vaccine Compounds to Skin Antigen-Presenting Cells By Hair Follicles and Their Transport in Mice. J. Investig. Dermatol. 2009, 129, 1156–1164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cappellozza, E.; Boschi, F.; Sguizzato, M.; Esposito, E.; Cortesi, R.; Malatesta, M.; Calderan, L. A Spectrofluorometric Analysis to Evaluate Transcutaneous Biodistribution of Fluorescent Nanoparticulate Gel Formulations. Eur. J. Histochem. 2022, 66, 3321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Niu, X.-Q.; Zhang, D.-P.; Bian, Q.; Feng, X.-F.; Li, H.; Rao, Y.-F.; Shen, Y.-M.; Geng, F.-N.; Yuan, A.-R.; Ying, X.-Y.; et al. Mechanism Investigation of Ethosomes Transdermal Permeation. Int. J. Pharm. X 2019, 1, 100027. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, Y.; Choe, C.-S.; Ahlberg, S.; Meinke, M.C.; Alexiev, U.; Lademann, J.; Darvin, M.E. Penetration of Silver Nanoparticles into Porcine Skin Ex Vivo Using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy, Raman Microscopy, and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Microscopy. J. Biomed. Opt. 2015, 20, 051006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vogt, A.; Rancan, F.; Ahlberg, S.; Nazemi, B.; Choe, C.S.; Darvin, M.E.; Hadam, S.; Blume-Peytavi, U.; Loza, K.; Diendorf, J.; et al. Interaction of Dermatologically Relevant Nanoparticles with Skin Cells and Skin. Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2363–2373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Costa Lima, S.A.; Barbosa, A.I.; Nunes, C.; Yousef, I.; Reis, S. Synchrotron-Based Infrared Microspectroscopy of Polymeric Nanoparticles and Skin: Unveiling Molecular Interactions to Enhance Permeation. Chem. Phys. Lipids 2022, 249, 105254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Touloumes, G.J.; Ardoña, H.A.M.; Casalino, E.K.; Zimmerman, J.F.; Chantre, C.O.; Bitounis, D.; Demokritou, P.; Parker, K.K. Mapping 2D- and 3D-Distributions of Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles within Cleared Human Ex Vivo Skin Tissues. NanoImpact 2020, 17, 100208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lunter, D.; Klang, V.; Kocsis, D.; Varga-Medveczky, Z.; Berkó, S.; Erdő, F. Novel Aspects of Raman Spectroscopy in Skin Research. Exp. Dermatol. 2022, 31, 1311–1329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ramzan, M.; Gourion-Arsiquaud, S.; Hussain, A.; Gulati, J.S.; Zhang, Q.; Trehan, S.; Puri, V.; Michniak-Kohn, B.; Kaur, I.P. In Vitro Release, Ex Vivo Penetration, and in Vivo Dermatokinetics of Ketoconazole-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Topical Delivery. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res. 2022, 12, 1659–1683. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mahdieh, Z.; Postma, B.; Herritt, L.A.; Hamilton, R.F.; Harkema, J.R.; Holian, A. Hyperspectral Microscopy of Subcutaneously Released Silver Nanoparticles Reveals Sex Differences in Drug Distribution. Micron 2022, 153, 103193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.; Naumenko, E.; Akhatova, F.; Zou, Q.; Fakhrullin, R.; Yan, X. Self-Assembled Peptide Nanoparticles for Enhanced Dark-Field Hyperspectral Imaging at the Cellular and Invertebrate Level. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 424, 130348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
NP | Solid Structure | Vesicle Structure | Mean Diameter, nm | Application | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nanospheres | Yes | No | 10–200 | Skin care | [11,12] |
Nanocapsules | Yes | No | 5–1000 | Prolonged antimicrobial | [13,14] |
Sunscreen | [15] | ||||
Anti-inflammatory | [16,17] | ||||
Solid lipid nanoparticles | Yes | No | 50–1000 | Cosmetic use: sunscreens, anti-acne, anti-ageing actives | [18,19,20] |
Acne, psoriasis, ichthyosis | [21,22,23] | ||||
Anti-inflammatory | [24,25] | ||||
Nanostructured lipid carriers | Yes | No | 50–500 | Anti-inflammatory (Immuno-suppressive) | [26] |
Local analgesic, anti-inflammatory | [27,28] | ||||
Antimicrobial | [29] | ||||
Anticancer | [30] | ||||
Nanoemulsions | Yes | No | 10–1000 | Cosmetic use: antioxidant, sunscreens, lipid carriers | [31,32,33] |
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug carriers | [34,35] | ||||
Anticancer | [36,37] | ||||
Antimicrobial | [38] | ||||
Liposomes | No | Yes | 100–200 | Antimicrobial treatment | [39,40] |
Eczema, psoriasis | [41,42] | ||||
Anti-inflammatory | [43,44] | ||||
Skin cancer | [45,46] | ||||
Local anesthesia | [47,48] | ||||
Ethosomes | No | Yes | 100–200 | Skin pathology | [43,49] |
Skin cancer | [50,51] | ||||
Skin infections | [52,53] | ||||
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic | [54,55] | ||||
Micelles | No | No | 20–300 | Anti-inflammatory | [56,57] |
Antimicrobial | [58] | ||||
Skin care | [59] | ||||
Anticancer | [60] | ||||
Dendrimers | No | No | 1–15 | Skin care: anti-acne, sunscreen | [61,62] |
Antiviral (HSV) | [63,64] | ||||
Anti-inflammatory | [65] | ||||
Inorganic NPs | Yes | No | 3–6 | Skin care: sunscreen | [66] |
20–150 | Antimicrobial | [67] | |||
(coated) | Antioxidant | [68] | |||
Anticancer | [69] |
Method | Type of NP | Cell Model Type | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
TEM | Ethosomes | Healthy human skin fibroblasts | [136] |
Ethosomes/Transethosomes | Immortalized keratinocytes, Human keratinocytes HaCaT cells | [73] | |
Ethosomes/Transethosomes | HaCaT, Human primary fibroblasts | [137] | |
Flow cytometry | Silica NP | Immortalized keratinocytes, HaCaT cells and Human Skin Keratinocytes | [128] |
Silica NP | Different cell lines, among which HaCaT cells | [138] | |
Fluorescence | Ethosomes/Transethosomes | Human Keratinocytes and fibroblasts | [137] |
microscopy | Skin keratin liposomes | Mouse skin melanoma, B16F10 cells | [139] |
Confocal | Silica NP | Immortalized keratinocytes, HaCaT | [128] |
microscopy | Zinc oxide NP | Immortalized keratinocytes, HaCaT | [140] |
Raman | Silver NP | Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (NIH-3T3) | [141] |
microscopy | Silver NP | Immortalized keratinocytes, HaCaT | [142] |
Hyperspectral light microscopy | Metal oxide NP | Epithelial cell lines | [143] |
Methods | Type of NP | Application | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
TEM | Ethosomes | Reconstituted Human Epidermis RHE | [136] |
Ethosomes and transethosomes | Human skin explants | [151] | |
FACS | Polystyrene particles | Transcutaneous application on healthy human explants | [152] |
Fluorescence microscopy | Polystyrene particles | Transcutaneous application on healthy human explants | [152] |
Confocal microscopy | Skin keratin liposomes | Abdominal skin of Sprague Dawley rats | [139] |
Polystyrene particles (FluoreSpheres) | Mice skin cryosections | [153] | |
Polymer NP | Rat skin explants | [154] | |
Ethosomes | Bama mini-pigs explants | [155] | |
Fibered confocal fluorescence microscopy | Polystyrene particles | In vivo mice | [153] |
Raman microscopy | Silver NP | Porcine ear skin explants | [156,157] |
Syncrotron-based Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy | Polyelectrolyte complexed polymeric nanoparticle | Porcine ears | [158] |
Hyperspectral light microscopy | TiO2, ZnO | Skin tissue | [159] |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Dzyhovskyi, V.; Romani, A.; Pula, W.; Bondi, A.; Ferrara, F.; Melloni, E.; Gonelli, A.; Pozza, E.; Voltan, R.; Sguizzato, M.; et al. Characterization Methods for Nanoparticle–Skin Interactions: An Overview. Life 2024, 14, 599. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14050599
Dzyhovskyi V, Romani A, Pula W, Bondi A, Ferrara F, Melloni E, Gonelli A, Pozza E, Voltan R, Sguizzato M, et al. Characterization Methods for Nanoparticle–Skin Interactions: An Overview. Life. 2024; 14(5):599. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14050599
Chicago/Turabian StyleDzyhovskyi, Valentyn, Arianna Romani, Walter Pula, Agnese Bondi, Francesca Ferrara, Elisabetta Melloni, Arianna Gonelli, Elena Pozza, Rebecca Voltan, Maddalena Sguizzato, and et al. 2024. "Characterization Methods for Nanoparticle–Skin Interactions: An Overview" Life 14, no. 5: 599. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14050599