Neurotoxicity of Some Environmental Pollutants to Zebrafish
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Nervous System of Zebrafish
3. Effects of Different-Sized Plastics on Zebrafish
3.1. Effects of Exposure to Nanoplastics in Zebrafish
3.2. Effects of Exposure to Microplastics in Zebrafish
- Ingestion and accumulation: Zebrafish, like many aquatic organisms, can ingest microplastics and nanoplastics either directly or indirectly through the food chain. Once ingested, these particles can accumulate in various tissues, including the brain and nervous system.
- Physical damage: Microplastics and nanoplastics can cause physical damage to the nervous system of zebrafish. These particles can disrupt neuronal connections, interfere with synaptic transmission, and induce inflammation in brain tissues. Accumulation of plastic particles in neuronal tissues can lead to structural abnormalities and impaired neuronal function.
- Leaching of chemicals: Nanoplastics and microplastics can release adsorbed chemical additives and pollutants into the environment, including the water column and sediments. These chemicals include neurotoxic substances such as plasticizers, flame retardants, and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Once released, these neurotoxic chemicals can be absorbed by zebrafish and affect the function of their nervous system.
- Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation: Exposure to microplastics and nanoplastics can induce oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in zebrafish. The presence of plastic particles in neuronal tissues can trigger the production of ROS and inflammatory mediators, leading to cell damage and dysfunction within the nervous system. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation can disrupt neuronal signaling pathways and contribute to neurobehavioral abnormalities in zebrafish.
- Behavioral and cognitive effects: Neurotoxic effects induced by microplastics and nanoplastics can manifest as altered behavior and cognitive function in zebrafish. Studies have shown that exposure to plastic particles can affect locomotor activity, learning and memory, social behavior, and predator avoidance responses in zebrafish. These behavioral changes can result from direct neurotoxicity or the secondary effects of neuronal damage and dysfunction caused by plastic exposure.
4. Neurotoxicity of Fipronil to Zebrafish
- Increased SOD levels.
- Increased lipid peroxidation (GPx) levels.
- Increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels.
5. Influence of Deltamethrin on Oxidative Stress Parameters and Behavioral Variables in Zebrafish
6. Evaluation of Neurotoxicity after Exposure of Zebrafish to Different Doses of Rotenone
7. Conclusions
- Co-occurrence and sorption: Microplastics and nanoplastics can serve as carriers of or sorbents for pesticides in aquatic environments. Pesticides can adsorb onto the surface of plastic particles, leading to their accumulation and persistence in the water column, sediments, and biota. This co-occurrence increases the exposure of aquatic organisms, including zebrafish, to both plastic pollution and pesticide contamination.
- Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer: Microplastics, nanoplastics, and pesticides can bioaccumulate and trophically transfer in aquatic food webs. Zebrafish can ingest plastic particles and pesticides directly or indirectly through their diet, leading to the accumulation of these contaminants in their tissues over time. Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer can amplify the concentrations of microplastics, nanoplastics, and pesticides at higher trophic levels, including in zebrafish predators, further exacerbating their ecological impact.
- Synergistic effects and toxicity: Microplastics, nanoplastics, and pesticides can have synergistic or additive effects on zebrafish and other aquatic organisms. Combined exposure to plastic particles and pesticides can increase the toxicity of individual contaminants, leading to greater adverse effects on the health and physiology of zebrafish. Synergistic effects can arise from interactions between plastic-induced stress responses, such as inflammation and oxidative stress, and pesticide-induced neurotoxicity, developmental toxicity, or endocrine disruption in zebrafish.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Doses (mg/L) | Exposure Time | Effects | Authors |
---|---|---|---|
0.5, 1 and 2 | 96 h | Increased SOD and CAT activity Increased lipid peroxidation | [164] |
2.5, 7.5 and 15 | 72 h | Decreased cell proliferation | [184] |
0.4 and 0.8 | 5 days | Increased anxiety Disturbance of swimming behavior Increased lipid peroxidation | [178] |
0.33 and 0.8 | 5 days | Locomotor defects | [175] |
Doses (mg/L) and Exposure Times | Effects | Authors |
---|---|---|
0.0765 and 21.461 | Inhibited AChE activity Increased ROS levels | [183] |
0.125, 0.675 and 1.75 (96 h) | No locomotor disorders recorded No anxiety-like behaviors observed | [185] |
1.66 (96 h) | Increased ROS levels Increased lipid peroxidation Increased nitric oxide levels Decreased SOD, CAT, GPx levels | [186] |
Area Analyzed | Histological Changes | Author |
---|---|---|
Telencephalon | Increased number of blood vessels (some being ectatic) and blood cell infiltration in both treatment groups | [158] |
Diencephalon and Mesencephalon | Dilation of blood vessels and leukocyte infiltration in both treatment groups; central chromatolysis distinguished in large neurons in the oculomotor nucleus | |
Rhombencephalon | Mild infiltration and neuronal damage were evident, especially in group of fish exposed to highest concentration | |
Spinal cord | Only edema of pericardium was observed in some motor neurons, and intense vascularization | |
Cerebellum | No obvious changes were observed |
Behavioral Parameters Measured | Dose of Exposure (µg/L) | Results Recorded in Pre-Treatment Group | Results Recorded 2 h PostExposure | Effects | Author |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total swimming distance | DM 25 | 791.6 ± 264.9 cm | 337.9 ± 218.6 cm | Total swimming distance decreased post-exposure in both experimental groups | [224] |
DM 12.5 | 721.3 ± 259.7 cm | 251 ± 137 cm | |||
Variable swim velocity | DM 25 | 3.2 ± 1.2 cm/s | 1.06 ± 0.56 cm/s | Variable swimming speed decreased significantly | |
DM 12.5 | 3.03 ± 1.07 cm/s | 1.06 ± 0.56 cm/s | |||
Active swimming | DM 25 | 215.7 ± 35.17 s | 157.17 ± 57.79 s | Zebrafish exposed to these concentrations showed lethargic behavior and became less active | |
DM 12.5 | 216.3 ± 49.2 s | 159.4 ± 57.7 s | |||
Counterclockwise rotations | DM 25 | 5.25 ± 4.2 | 1.87 ± 1.12 | Counterclockwise movement decreased significantly | |
DM 12.5 | 4.73 ± 3.53 | 2 ± 1.6 | |||
Clockwise rotations | DM 25 | 5.13 ± 2.2 | 3 ± 3 | Clockwise revolutions decreased significantly | |
DM 12.5 | 6.7 ± 4.3 | 1.6 ± 0.9 |
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Buzenchi Proca, T.M.; Solcan, C.; Solcan, G. Neurotoxicity of Some Environmental Pollutants to Zebrafish. Life 2024, 14, 640. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14050640
Buzenchi Proca TM, Solcan C, Solcan G. Neurotoxicity of Some Environmental Pollutants to Zebrafish. Life. 2024; 14(5):640. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14050640
Chicago/Turabian StyleBuzenchi Proca, Teodora Maria, Carmen Solcan, and Gheorghe Solcan. 2024. "Neurotoxicity of Some Environmental Pollutants to Zebrafish" Life 14, no. 5: 640. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14050640