Effects of Inertial Flywheel Training vs. Accentuated Eccentric Loading Training on Strength, Power, and Speed in Well-Trained Male College Sprinters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Approach to the Problem
2.2. Subjects
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Inertial Load Determination
2.5. Training Program
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Back Squat 1RM
3.2. Vertical Jump and Eccentric Utilization Ratio
3.3. Standing Long Jump
3.4. 30 m Sprint
3.5. Mechanical Variables
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Mero, A.; Komi, P.V. Force-, EMG-, and elasticity-velocity relationships at submaximal, maximal and supramaximal running speeds in sprinters. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 1986, 55, 553–561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seitz, L.B.; Reyes, A.; Tran, T.T.; Saez de Villarreal, E.; Haff, G.G. Increases in Lower-Body Strength Transfer Positively to Sprint Performance: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Sports Med. 2014, 44, 1693–1702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alexander, M.J. The relationship between muscle strength and sprint kinematics in elite sprinters. Can. J. Sport Sci. J. Can. Des Sci. Du Sport 1989, 14, 148–157. [Google Scholar]
- Kale, M.; Asci, A.; Bayrak, C.; Acikada, C. Relationships among Jumping performances and sprint parameters during maximum speed phase in sprinters. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2009, 23, 2272–2279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Smirniotou, A.; Katsikas, C.; Paradisis, G.; Argeitaki, P.; Zacharogiannis, E.; Tziortzis, S. Strength-power parameters as predictors of sprinting performance. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2008, 48, 447–454. [Google Scholar]
- Dowson, M.N.; Nevill, M.E.; Lakomy, H.K.; Nevill, A.M.; Hazeldine, R.J. Modelling the relationship between isokinetic muscle strength and sprint running performance. J. Sports Sci. 1998, 16, 257–265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haugen, T.; Seiler, S.; Sandbakk, O.; Tonnessen, E. The Training and Development of Elite Sprint Performance: An Integration of Scientific and Best Practice Literature. Sports Med. -Open 2019, 5, 1–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Young, W.; Mc Lean, B.; Ardagna, J. Relationship between strength qualities and sprinting performance. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 1995, 35, 13–19. [Google Scholar]
- Rabita, G.; Dorel, S.; Slawinski, J.; Saez-de-Villarreal, E.; Couturier, A.; Samozino, P.; Morin, J.B. Sprint mechanics in world-class athletes: A new insight into the limits of human locomotion. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2015, 25, 583–594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nagano, Y.; Higashihara, A.; Takahashi, K.; Fukubayashi, T. Mechanics of the muscles crossing the hip joint during sprint running. J. Sports Sci. 2014, 32, 1722–1728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fukutani, A.; Misaki, J.; Isaka, T. Both the elongation of attached crossbridges and residual force enhancement contribute to joint torque enhancement by the stretch-shortening cycle. R. Soc. Open Sci. 2017, 4, 161036. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Buonsenso, A.; Centorbi, M.; Iuliano, E.; Di Martino, G.; Della Valle, C.; Fiorilli, G.; Calcagno, G.; di Cagno, A. A Systematic Review of Flywheel Training Effectiveness and Application on Sport Specific Performances. Sports 2023, 11, 76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Franchi, M.V.; Reeves, N.D.; Narici, M.V. Skeletal Muscle Remodeling in Response to Eccentric vs. Concentric Loading: Morphological, Molecular, and Metabolic Adaptations. Front. Physiol. 2017, 8, 447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seger, J.Y.; Thorstensson, A. Effects of eccentric versus concentric training on thigh muscle strength and EMG. Int. J. Sports Med. 2005, 26, 45–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mike, J.; Kerksick, C.M.; Kravitz, L. How to Incorporate Eccentric Training Into a Resistance Training Program. Strength Cond. J. 2015, 37, 5–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stasinopoulos, D.; Stasinopoulos, L. Comparison of effects of eccentric training, eccentric-concentric training, and eccentric-concentric training combined with isometric contraction in the treatment of lateral elbow tendinopathy. J. Hand Ther. 2017, 30, 13–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harris-Love, M.O.; Gollie, J.M.; Keogh, J.W.L. Eccentric Exercise: Adaptations and Applications for Health and Performance. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6, 96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alt, T.; Severin, J.; Komnik, I.; Nodler, Y.T.; Benker, R.; Knicker, A.J.; Brueggemann, G.-P.; Strueder, H.K. Nordic Hamstring Exercise training induces improved lower-limb swing phase mechanics and sustained strength preservation in sprinters. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2021, 31, 826–838. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sugiura, Y.; Sakuma, K.; Sakuraba, K.; Sato, Y. Prevention of Hamstring Injuries in Collegiate Sprinters. Orthop. J. Sports Med. 2017, 5, 2325967116681524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alt, T.; Nodler, Y.T.; Severin, J.; Knicker, A.J.; Strueder, H.K. Velocity-specific and time-dependent adaptations following a standardized Nordic Hamstring Exercise training. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2018, 28, 65–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sugiura, Y.; Saito, T.; Sakuraba, K.; Sakuma, K.; Suzuki, E. Strength deficits identified with concentric action of the hip extensors and eccentric action of the hamstrings predispose to hamstring injury in elite sprinters. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 2008, 38, 457–464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Flanagan, E.P.; Comyns, T.M. The Use of Contact Time and the Reactive Strength Index to Optimize Fast Stretch-Shortening Cycle Training. Strength Cond. J. 2008, 30, 32–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Douglas, J.; Pearson, S.; Ross, A.; McGuigan, M. Reactive and eccentric strength contribute to stiffness regulation during maximum velocity sprinting in team sport athletes and highly trained sprinters. J. Sports Sci. 2020, 38, 29–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hortobágyi, T.; Devita, P.; Money, J.; Barrier, J. Effects of standard and eccentric overload strength training in young women. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2001, 33, 1206–1212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gonzalo-Skok, O.; Tous-Fajardo, J.; Valero-Campo, C.; Berzosa, C.; Vanessa Bataller, A.; Luis Arjol-Serrano, J.; Moras, G.; Mendez-Villanueva, A. Eccentric-Overload Training in Team-Sport Functional Performance: Constant Bilateral Vertical Versus Variable Unilateral Multidirectional Movements. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 2017, 12, 951–958. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, R.; Liu, J.; Clarke, C.V.; An, R. Effect of eccentric overload training on change of direction speed performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Sports Sci. 2020, 38, 2579–2587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kingma, J.J.; de Knikker, R.; Wittink, H.M.; Takken, T. Eccentric overload training in patients with chronic Achilles tendinopathy: A systematic review. Br. J. Sports Med. 2007, 41, 30916. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schoenfeld, B.J.; Grgic, J. Eccentric Overload Training: A Viable Strategy to Enhance Muscle Hypertrophy? Strength Cond. J. 2018, 40, 78–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wagle, J.P.; Taber, C.B.; Cunanan, A.J.; Bingham, G.E.; Carroll, K.M.; DeWeese, B.H.; Sato, K.; Stone, M.H. Accentuated Eccentric Loading for Training and Performance: A Review. Sports Med. 2017, 47, 2473–2495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vicens-Bordas, J.; Esteve, E.; Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A.; Bandholm, T.; Thorborg, K. Is inertial flywheel resistance training superior to gravity-dependent resistance training in improving muscle strength? A systematic review with meta-analyses. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2018, 21, 75–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Hoyo, M.; Pozzo, M.; Sanudo, B.; Carrasco, L.; Gonzalo-Skok, O.; Dominguez-Cob, S.; Moran-Camacho, E. Effects of a 10-Week In-Season Eccentric-Overload Training Program on Muscle-Injury Prevention and Performance in Junior Elite Soccer Players. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 2015, 10, 46–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Murton, J.; Eager, R.; Drury, B. Comparison of flywheel versus traditional resistance training in elite academy male Rugby union players. Res. Sports Med. 2023, 31, 214–227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Timon, R.; Ponce-Gonzalez, J.G.; Gonzalez-Montesinos, J.L.; Olcina, G.; Perez-Perez, A.; Castro-Pinero, J. Inertial flywheel resistance training and muscle oxygen saturation. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2018, 58, 1618–1624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Friedmann-Bette, B.; Bauer, T.; Kinscherf, R.; Vorwald, S.; Klute, K.; Bischoff, D.; Mueller, H.; Weber, M.-A.; Metz, J.; Kauczor, H.-U.; et al. Effects of strength training with eccentric overload on muscle adaptation in male athletes. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2010, 108, 821–836. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beato, M.; Dello Iacono, A. Implementing Flywheel (Isoinertial) Exercise in Strength Training: Current Evidence, Practical Recommendations, and Future Directions. Front. Physiol. 2020, 11, 569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beato, M.; McErlain-Naylor, S.A.; Halperin, I.; Dello Iacono, A. Current Evidence and Practical Applications of Flywheel Eccentric Overload Exercises as Postactivation Potentiation Protocols: A Brief Review. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 2020, 15, 154–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carter, C.R. Kinetic, Kinematic, and Metabolic Response of Low Volume Accentuated Eccentric Loading in Collegiate Weightlifters. Ph.D. Thesis, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Walker, S.; Blazevich, A.J.; Haff, G.; Tufano, J.J.; Newton, R.U.; Hakkinen, K. Greater Strength Gains after Training with Accentuated Eccentric than Traditional Isoinertial Loads in Already Strength-Trained Men. Front. Physiol. 2016, 7, 149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wagle, J.P.; Taber, C.B.; Carroll, K.M.; Cunanan, A.J.; Sams, M.L.; Wetmore, A.; Bingham, G.E.; DeWeese, B.H.; Sato, K.; Stuart, C.A.; et al. Repetition-to-Repetition Differences Using Cluster and Accentuated Eccentric Loading in the Back Squat. Sports 2018, 6, 59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suchomel, T.J.; Wagle, J.P.; Douglas, J.; Taber, C.B.; Harden, M.; Haff, G.G.; Stone, M.H. Implementing Eccentric Resistance Training-Part 1: A Brief Review of Existing Methods. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2019, 4, 38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carroll, K.M.; Wagle, J.P.; Sato, K.; Taber, C.B.; Yoshida, N.; Bingham, G.E.; Stone, M.H. Characterising overload in inertial flywheel devices for use in exercise training. Sports Biomech. 2019, 18, 390–401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maroto-Izquierdo, S.; Raya-Gonzalez, J.; Hernandez-Davo, J.L.; Beato, M. Load Quantification and Testing Using Flywheel Devices in Sports. Front. Physiol. 2021, 12, 739399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berg, H.E.; Tesch, P.A. Force and power characteristics of a resistive exercise device for use in space. Acta Astronaut. 1998, 42, 219–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Janicijevic, D.; García-Ramos, A.; Lamas-Cepero, J.L.; García-Pinillos, F.; Marcos-Blanco, A.; Rojas, F.J.; Weakley, J.; Perez-Castilla, A. Comparison of the two most commonly used gold-standard velocity monitoring devices (GymAware and T-Force) to assess lifting velocity during the free-weight barbell back squat exercise. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part P J. Sports Eng. Technol. 2023, 237, 205–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weakley, J.; Mann, B.; Banyard, H.; McLaren, H.S.; Scott, T.; Garcia-Ramos, A. Velocity-Based Training: From Theory to Application. Strength Cond. J. 2021, 43, 31–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Balsalobre-Fernandez, C.; Torres-Ronda, L. The Implementation of Velocity-Based Training Paradigm for Team Sports: Framework, Technologies, Practical Recommendations and Challenges. Sports 2021, 9, 47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brien, J.O.; Browne, D.; Earls, D.; Lodge, C. The effects of varying inertial loadings on power variables in the flywheel romanian deadlift exercise. Biol. Sport 2022, 39, 499–503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Maroto-Izquierdo, S.; Garcia-Lopez, D.; de Paz, J.A. Functional and Muscle-Size Effects of Flywheel Resistance Training with Eccentric-Overload in Professional Handball Players. J. Hum. Kinet. 2017, 60, 133–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maroto-Izquierdo, S.; Martin-Rivera, F.; Nosaka, K.; Beato, M.; Gonzalez-Gallego, J.; de Paz, J.A. Effects of submaximal and supramaximal accentuated eccentric loading on mass and function. Front. Physiol. 2023, 14, 1176835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Douglas, J.; Pearson, S.; Ross, A.; McGuigan, M. Effects of Accentuated Eccentric Loading on Muscle Properties, Strength, Power, and Speed in Resistance-Trained Rugby Players. J Strength Cond. Res 2018, 32, 2750–2761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Loturco, I.; Pereira, L.A.; Kobal, R.; Kitamura, K.; Abad, C.C.C.; Marques, G.; Guerriero, A.; Moraes, J.E.; Nakamura, F.Y. Validity and usability of a new system for measuring and monitoring variations in vertical jump performance. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2017, 31, 2579–2585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tufano, J.J.; Conlon, J.A.; Nimphius, S.; Brown, L.E.; Seitz, L.B.; Williamson, B.D.; Haff, G.G. Maintenance of Velocity and Power With Cluster Sets During High-Volume Back Squats. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 2016, 11, 885–892. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Beato, M.; de Keijzer, K.L.; Munoz-Lopez, A.; Raya-Gonzalez, J.; Pozzo, M.; Alkner, B.A.; Dello Iacono, A.; Vicens-Bordas, J.; Coratella, G.; Maroto-Izquierdo, S.; et al. Current Guidelines for the Implementation of Flywheel Resistance Training Technology in Sports: A Consensus Statement. Sports Med. 2024, 54, 541–556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Coratella, G.; Beato, M.; Ce, E.; Scurati, R.; Milanese, C.; Schena, F.; Esposito, F. Effects of in-season enhanced negative work-based vs traditional weight training on change of direction and hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio in soccer players. Biol. Sport 2019, 36, 241–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maroto-Izquierdo, S.; Fernandez-Gonzalo, R.; Magdi, H.R.; Manzano-Rodriguez, S.; Gonzalez-Gallego, J.; de Paz, J.A. Comparison of the musculoskeletal effects of different iso-inertial resistance training modalities: Flywheel vs. electric-motor. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2019, 19, 1184–1194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dietz, V.; Schmidtbleicher, D.; Noth, J. Neuronal mechanisms of human locomotion. J. Neurophysiol. 1979, 42, 1212–1222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Madruga-Parera, M.; Bishop, C.; Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A.; Beato, M.; Gonzalo-Skok, O.; Romero-Rodriguez, D. Effects of 8 Weeks of Isoinertial vs. Cable-Resistance Training on Motor Skills Performance and Interlimb Asymmetries. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2022, 36, 1200–1208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Puustinen, J.; Venojarvi, M.; Haverinen, M.; Lundberg, T.R. Effects of Flywheel vs. Traditional Resistance Training on Neuromuscular Performance of Elite Ice Hockey Players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2023, 37, 136–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stojanović, M.D.M.; Mikić, M.; Drid, P.; Calleja-González, J.; Maksimović, N.; Belegišanin, B.; Sekulović, V. Greater Power but Not Strength Gains Using Flywheel Versus Equivolumed Traditional Strength Training in Junior Basketball Players. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Munger, C.N.; Jones, B.C.; Halloran, I.J.; Eggleston, G.G.; Post, P.G.; Brown, L.E.; Berning, J.M. Short-Term Effects of Eccentric Overload Versus Traditional Back Squat Training on Strength and Power. Int. J. Kinesiol. Sports Sci. 2022, 10, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shimizu, T.; Tsuchiya, Y.; Ueda, H.; Izumi, S.; Ochi, E. Effects of single and repeated bouts of flywheel exercise on jump performance and muscle damage in athletes and non athletes. Bmc Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil. 2024, 16, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arsenis, S.; Gioftsidou, A.; Smilios, I.; Malliou, P.; Chatzinikolaou, A.O.; Gkogkos, D.; Beneka, A. The effects of flywheel training on the strength and power of lower limbs. Sport Sci. 2019, 12, 8–19. [Google Scholar]
- Walker, S.; Trezise, J.; Haff, G.G.; Newton, R.U.; Hakkinen, K.; Blazevich, A.J. Increased fascicle length but not patellar tendon stiffness after accentuated eccentric-load strength training in already-trained men. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2020, 120, 2371–2382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Merrigan, J.J.; Tufano, J.J.; Falzone, M.; Jones, M.T. Effectiveness of Accentuated Eccentric Loading: Contingent on Concentric Load. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 2021, 16, 66–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pecci, J.; Munoz-Lopez, A.; Jones, P.A.; Sanudo, B. Effects of 6 weeks in-season flywheel squat resistance training on strength, vertical jump, change of direction and sprint performance in professional female soccer players. Biol. Sport 2023, 40, 521–529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Su, E.Y.-S.; Carroll, T.J.; Farris, D.J.; Lichtwark, G.A. Musculoskeletal simulations to examine the effects of accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) on jump height. Peerj 2023, 11, 14687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kozinc, Z.; Plesa, J.; Sarabon, N. Questionable Utility of the Eccentric Utilization Ratio in Relation to the Performance of Volleyball Players. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11754. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McGuigan, M.R.; Doyle, T.L.; Newton, M.; Edwards, D.J.; Nimphius, S.; Newton, R.U. Eccentric utilization ratio: Effect of sport and phase of training. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2006, 20, 992–995. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weng, Y.; Liu, H.; Ruan, T.; Yang, W.; Wei, H.; Cui, Y.; Ho, I.M.K.; Li, Q. Effects of flywheel resistance training on the running economy of young male well-trained distance runners. Front. Physiol. 2022, 13, 1060640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haugen, T.; McGhie, D.; Ettema, G. Sprint running: From fundamental mechanics to practice-a review. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2019, 119, 1273–1287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petre, H.; Wernstal, F.; Mattsson, C.M. Effects of Flywheel Training on Strength-Related Variables: A Meta-analysis. Sports Med. Open 2018, 4, 55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cabanillas, R.; Serna, J.; Muñoz-Arroyave, V.; Ramos, J.A.E. Effect of eccentric overload through isoinertial technology in basketball players. Rev. Bras. Cineantropometria Desempenho Hum. 2020, 22, e59831. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malliaras, P.; Kamal, B.; Nowell, A.; Farley, T.; Dhamu, H.; Simpson, V.; Morrissey, D.; Langberg, H.; Maffulli, N.; Reeves, N.D. Patellar tendon adaptation in relation to load-intensity and contraction type. J. Biomech. 2013, 46, 1893–1899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suchomel, T.J.; Wagle, J.P.; Douglas, J.; Taber, C.B.; Harden, M.; Haff, G.G.; Stone, M.H. Implementing Eccentric Resistance Training-Part 2: Practical Recommendations. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2019, 4, 55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nakai, Y.; Usumoto, Y.; Takeshita, Y. The Effects of Regional Muscle Strength and Mass on Standing Long Jump Performance. Muscles 2024, 3, 60–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beato, M.; Bigby, A.E.J.; De Keijzer, K.L.; Nakamura, F.Y.; Coratella, G.; McErlain-Naylor, S.A. Post-activation potentiation effect of eccentric overload and traditional weightlifting exercise on jumping and sprinting performance in male athletes. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, 222466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Keijzer, K.L.; McErlain-Naylor, S.A.; Dello Iacono, A.; Beato, M. Effect of Volume on Eccentric Overload-Induced Postactivation Potentiation of Jumps. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 2020, 15, 976–981. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abade, E.; Silva, N.; Ferreira, R.; Baptista, J.; Goncalves, B.; Osorio, S.; Viana, J. Effects of Adding Vertical or Horizontal Force-Vector Exercises to In-season General Strength Training on Jumping and Sprinting Performance of Youth Football Players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2021, 35, 2769–2774. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Toien, T.; Haglo, H.P.; Unhjem, R.; Hoff, T.; Wang, E. Maximal strength training: The impact of eccentric overload. J. Neurophysiol. 2018, 120, 2868–2876. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
FWT Group (n = 7) | AELT Group (n = 7) | Difference (p-Value) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 23.2 ± 0.6 | 23.8 ± 0.6 | 0.749 |
Height (cm) | 181.5 ± 3.7 | 180.6 ± 3.2 | 0.654 |
Body weight (kg) | 77.4 ± 3.6 | 76.7 ± 2.4 | 0.833 |
Training age (year) | 5.1 ± 0.9 | 5.3 ± 0.6 | 0.784 |
1RM back squat (kg) | 147.3 ± 9.4 | 149.1 ± 11.5 | 0.481 |
PB time for 100 m (s) | 10.87 ± 0.06 | 10.90 ± 0.06 | 0.247 |
FWT (n = 7) | AELT (n = 7) | p (Time) | p (Group) | p (Time × Group) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Pre | Post | Δ% | Cohen’s d | Pre | Post | Δ% | Cohen’s d | |||
1RM (kg) | 147.29 ± 15.41 | 154.71 ± 1 6.10 ** | 5.0 | 1.28 | 149.14 ± 14.06 | 158.57 ± 13.36 ** | 6.3 | 2.53 | <0.001 | 0.283 | 0.079 |
CMJ (cm) | 50.52 ± 2.19 | 57.22 ± 2.28 **## | 13.3 | 5.42 | 50.10 ± 2.86 | 53.83 ± 2.27 ** | 7.4 | 3.44 | <0.001 | 0.006 | <0.001 |
SJ (cm) | 47.22 ± 1.71 | 50.07 ± 1.93 ** | 6.0 | 2.94 | 46.41 ± 1.36 | 49.39 ± 1.34 ** | 6.4 | 2.21 | <0.001 | 0.257 | 0.339 |
EUR | 1.07 ± 0.02 | 1.14 ± 0.01 **## | 6.5 | 4.42 | 1.08 ± 0.02 | 1.09 ± 0.01 | 0.9 | 0.63 | <0.001 | 0.019 | <0.001 |
SLJ (m) | 2.73 ± 0.08 | 2.81 ± 0.05 ** | 2.9 | 1.77 | 2.71 ± 0.07 | 2.77 ± 0.05 ** | 2.2 | 1.20 | <0.001 | 0.332 | 0.136 |
S30 (s) | 4.09 ± 0.05 | 3.95 ± 0.05 ** | −3.4 | −2.80 | 4.06 ± 0.07 | 3.94 ± 0.06 ** | −3.0 | −1.84 | <0.001 | 0.562 | 0.321 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Hu, Z.; Liu, Y.; Huang, K.; Huang, H.; Zhang, Y.; Yuan, X. Effects of Inertial Flywheel Training vs. Accentuated Eccentric Loading Training on Strength, Power, and Speed in Well-Trained Male College Sprinters. Life 2024, 14, 1081. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091081
Hu Z, Liu Y, Huang K, Huang H, Zhang Y, Yuan X. Effects of Inertial Flywheel Training vs. Accentuated Eccentric Loading Training on Strength, Power, and Speed in Well-Trained Male College Sprinters. Life. 2024; 14(9):1081. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091081
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Zhongzhong, Yuhang Liu, Keke Huang, Hao Huang, Yu Zhang, and Xiaoyi Yuan. 2024. "Effects of Inertial Flywheel Training vs. Accentuated Eccentric Loading Training on Strength, Power, and Speed in Well-Trained Male College Sprinters" Life 14, no. 9: 1081. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091081