A State-of-the-Art Review on the Evolving Utility of Endoscopic Ultrasound in Liver Diseases Diagnosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Advantages of Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) in Evaluating Liver Diseases
4. EUS-Guided Imaging Diagnosis of Liver Diseases
4.1. EUS-Guided Imaging in Chronic Liver Diseases/Cirrhosis
4.2. EUS-Guided Imaging in Focal Liver Lesions
4.3. EUS-Guided Portal Pressure Measurement
4.4. EUS-Guided Varices Diagnosis
5. EUS-Guided Liver Biopsy
5.1. EUS-Guided Biopsy in Chronic Liver Diseases
5.2. EUS and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
5.3. EUS and Focal Liver Lesions
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
EUS | endoscopic ultrasound |
US | ultrasound |
CT | computed tomography |
RTE | real-time elastography |
CE | Contrast-Enhancement |
EASL | European association for the study of liver disease |
TE | transient elastography |
LFI | Liver fibrosis index |
MRI | magnetic resonance imaging |
UCA | ultrasound contrast agents |
CE-EUS | contrast-enhanced-EUS |
CH-EUS | contrast harmonic-EUS |
PPG | portal pressure gradient |
PV | portal vein |
HV | hepatic vein |
IVC | inferior vena cava |
GV | Gastric varices |
GOV | gastroesophageal varices |
IGV | isolated gastric varices |
EUS-LB | endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy |
FNA | fine needle aspiration |
FNB | fine needle biopsy |
NAFLD | non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
NASH | nonalcoholic steatohepatitis |
References
- Friedberg, S.R.; Lachter, J. Endoscopic ultrasound: Current roles and future directions. World J. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2017, 9, 499–505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Candoli, P.; Ceron, L.; Trisolini, R.; Romagnoli, M.; Michieletto, L.; Scarlata, S.; Galasso, T.; Leoncini, F.; Pasini, V.; Dennetta, D.; et al. Competence in endosonographic techniques. Panminerva Med. 2019, 61, 249–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Andanappa, H.K.; Dai, Q.; Korimilli, A.; Panganamamula, K.; Friedenberg, F.; Miller, L. Acoustic liver biopsy using endoscopic ultrasound. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2008, 53, 1078–1083. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ichim, V.A.; Chira, R.I.; Mircea, P.A.; Nagy, G.A.; Crisan, D.; Socaciu, M.A. Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided biopsy of focal liver lesions. Med. Ultrason. 2020, 22, 20–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Campos, S.; Poley, J.W.; van Driel, L.; Bruno, M.J. The role of EUS in diagnosis and treatment of liver disorders. Endosc. Int. Open 2019, 7, E1262–E1275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Wiechowska-Kozlowska, A.; Zasada, K.; Milkiewicz, M.; Milkiewicz, P. Correlation between Endosonographic and Doppler Ultrasound Features of Portal Hypertension in Patients with Cirrhosis. Gastroenterol. Res. Pract. 2012, 2012, 395345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Claudon, M.; Dietrich, C.F.; Choi, B.I.; Cosgrove, D.O.; Kudo, M.; Nolsoe, C.P.; Piscaglia, F.; Wilson, S.R.; Barr, R.G.; Chammas, M.C.; et al. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in the liver–update 2012: A WFUMB-EFSUMB initiative in cooperation with representatives of AFSUMB, AIUM, ASUM, FLAUS and ICUS. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 2013, 39, 187–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choudhary, N.; Bansal, R.K.; Puri, R.; Singh, R.R.; Nasa, M.; Shah, V.; Sarin, H.; Guleria, M.; Saigal, S.; Saraf, N.; et al. Impact and safety of endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration on patients with cirrhosis and pyrexia of unknown origin in India. Endosc. Int. Open 2016, 4, E953–E956. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- European Association for Study of Liver; Asociacion Latinoamericana para el Estudio del Higado. EASL-ALEH Clinical Practice Guidelines: Non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis. J. Hepatol. 2015, 63, 237–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Berzigotti, A.; Ashkenazi, E.; Reverter, E.; Abraldes, J.G.; Bosch, J. Non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Dis. Markers 2011, 31, 129–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tatsumi, C.; Kudo, M.; Ueshima, K.; Kitai, S.; Ishikawa, E.; Yada, N.; Hagiwara, S.; Inoue, T.; Minami, Y.; Chung, H.; et al. Non-invasive evaluation of hepatic fibrosis for type C chronic hepatitis. Intervirology 2010, 53, 76–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rimbas, M.; Gheonea, D.I.; Sandulescu, L.; Saftoiu, A.; Vilmann, P.; Ciurea, T. EUS Elastography in Evaluating Chronic Liver Disease. Why not from Inside? Curr. Health Sci. J. 2009, 35, 225–227. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Schulman, A.R.; Lin, M.V.; Rutherford, A.; Chan, W.W.; Ryou, M. A Prospective Blinded Study of Endoscopic Ultrasound Elastography in Liver Disease: Towards a Virtual Biopsy. Clin. Endosc. 2018, 51, 181–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Marques, S.; Carmo, J.; Tulio, M.A.; Bispo, M.; Matos, L.; Chagas, C. Diagnostic Performance of Real-Time Elastography in the Assessment of Advanced Fibrosis in Chronic Hepatitis C. GE Port. J. Gastroenterol. 2016, 23, 13–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tu, C.H.; Li, J.; Wang, C.Y.; Zhou, L.; Ma, Y.; Gao, M.; Wang, J.; Zeng, Q.M.; Lu, W. [Diagnostic value of endoscopic ultrasonography, fibroscan, acoustic radiation pulse imaging, serological index, and their combination for early stage liver cirrhosis]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 2019, 27, 615–620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, P.; Erickson, R.A.; Mukhopadhyay, P.; Gopal, S.; Kiss, A.; Khan, A.; Ulf Westblom, T. EUS for detection of the hepatocellular carcinoma: Results of a prospective study. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2007, 66, 265–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Awad, S.S.; Fagan, S.; Abudayyeh, S.; Karim, N.; Berger, D.H.; Ayub, K. Preoperative evaluation of hepatic lesions for the staging of hepatocellular and metastatic liver carcinoma using endoscopic ultrasonography. Am. J. Surg. 2002, 184, 601–604. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, P.; Mukhopadhyay, P.; Bhatt, B.; Patel, T.; Kiss, A.; Gupta, R.; Bhat, S.; Erickson, R.A. Endoscopic ultrasound versus CT scan for detection of the metastases to the liver: Results of a prospective comparative study. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2009, 43, 367–373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sandrin, L.; Fourquet, B.; Hasquenoph, J.M.; Yon, S.; Fournier, C.; Mal, F.; Christidis, C.; Ziol, M.; Poulet, B.; Kazemi, F.; et al. Transient elastography: A new noninvasive method for assessment of hepatic fibrosis. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 2003, 29, 1705–1713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rustemovic, N.; Hrstic, I.; Opacic, M.; Ostojic, R.; Jakic-Razumovic, J.; Kvarantan, M.; Pulanic, R.; Vucelic, B. EUS elastography in the diagnosis of focal liver lesions. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2007, 66, 823–824. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sandulescu, L.; Padureanu, V.; Dumitrescu, C.; Braia, N.; Streba, C.T.; Gheonea, D.I.; Cazacu, S.; Ciurea, T.; Rogoveanu, I.; Saftoiu, A. A pilot study of real time elastography in the differentiation of focal liver lesions. Curr. Health Sci. J. 2012, 38, 32–35. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Kitano, M.; Kamata, K. Contrast-enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasound: Future perspectives. Endosc. Ultrasound 2016, 5, 351–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Fusaroli, P.; Napoleon, B.; Gincul, R.; Lefort, C.; Palazzo, L.; Palazzo, M.; Kitano, M.; Minaga, K.; Caletti, G.; Lisotti, A. The clinical impact of ultrasound contrast agents in EUS: A systematic review according to the levels of evidence. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2016, 84, 587–596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cosgrove, D.; Blomley, M. Liver tumors: Evaluation with contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Abdom. Imaging 2004, 29, 446–454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Oh, D.; Seo, D.W.; Hong, S.M.; Jun, J.H.; Song, T.J.; Park, D.H.; Son, B.K.; Lee, S.S.; Lee, S.K.; Kim, M.H. The usefulness of contrast-enhanced harmonic EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration for evaluation of hepatic lesions (with video). Gastrointest. Endosc. 2018, 88, 495–501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Augustin, S.; Millan, L.; Gonzalez, A.; Martell, M.; Gelabert, A.; Segarra, A.; Serres, X.; Esteban, R.; Genesca, J. Detection of early portal hypertension with routine data and liver stiffness in patients with asymptomatic liver disease: A prospective study. J. Hepatol. 2014, 60, 561–569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carrion, J.A.; Navasa, M.; Bosch, J.; Bruguera, M.; Gilabert, R.; Forns, X. Transient elastography for diagnosis of advanced fibrosis and portal hypertension in patients with hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2006, 12, 1791–1798. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Samarasena, J.B.; Chang, K.J. Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Interventions for the Measurement and Treatment of Portal Hypertension. Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am. 2019, 29, 311–320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fujii-Lau, L.L.; Leise, M.D.; Kamath, P.S.; Gleeson, F.C.; Levy, M.J. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided portal-systemic pressure gradient measurement. Endoscopy 2014, 46 (Suppl. 1 UCTN), E654–E656. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Huang, J.Y.; Samarasena, J.B.; Tsujino, T.; Chang, K.J. EUS-guided portal pressure gradient measurement with a novel 25-gauge needle device versus standard transjugular approach: A comparison animal study. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2016, 84, 358–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, J.Y.; Samarasena, J.B.; Tsujino, T.; Lee, J.; Hu, K.Q.; McLaren, C.E.; Chen, W.P.; Chang, K.J. EUS-guided portal pressure gradient measurement with a simple novel device: A human pilot study. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2017, 85, 996–1001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kazemi, F.; Kettaneh, A.; N’Kontchou, G.; Pinto, E.; Ganne-Carrie, N.; Trinchet, J.C.; Beaugrand, M. Liver stiffness measurement selects patients with cirrhosis at risk of bearing large oesophageal varices. J. Hepatol. 2006, 45, 230–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sarin, S.K.; Kumar, A. Gastric varices: Profile, classification, and management. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1989, 84, 1244–1249. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Hashizume, M.; Kitano, S.; Yamaga, H.; Koyanagi, N.; Sugimachi, K. Endoscopic classification of gastric varices. Gastrointest. Endosc. 1990, 36, 276–280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caletti, G.; Brocchi, E.; Baraldini, M.; Ferrari, A.; Gibilaro, M.; Barbara, L. Assessment of portal hypertension by endoscopic ultrasonography. Gastrointest. Endosc. 1990, 36, S21–S27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Imamura, H.; Irisawa, A.; Shibukawa, G.; Takagi, T.; Hikichi, T.; Obara, K.; Ohira, H. Echo-endoscopic analysis of variceal hemodynamics in patient with isolated gastric varices. Endosc. Ultrasound 2014, 3, 238–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pontes, J.M.; Leitao, M.C.; Portela, F.A.; Rosa, A.M.; Ministro, P.; Freitas, D.S. Endoscopic ultrasonography in the treatment of oesophageal varices by endoscopic sclerotherapy and band ligation: Do we need it? Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1995, 7, 41–46. [Google Scholar]
- DiMaio, C.J.; Kolb, J.M.; Benias, P.C.; Shah, H.; Shah, S.; Haluszka, O.; Maranki, J.; Sharzehi, K.; Lam, E.; Gordon, S.R.; et al. Initial experience with a novel EUS-guided core biopsy needle (SharkCore): Results of a large North American multicenter study. Endosc. Int. Open 2016, 4, E974–E979. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mathew, A. EUS-guided routine liver biopsy in selected patients. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2007, 102, 2354–2355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pineda, J.J.; Diehl, D.L.; Miao, C.L.; Johal, A.S.; Khara, H.S.; Bhanushali, A.; Chen, E.Z. EUS-guided liver biopsy provides diagnostic samples comparable with those via the percutaneous or transjugular route. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2016, 83, 360–365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stavropoulos, S.N.; Im, G.Y.; Jlayer, Z.; Harris, M.D.; Pitea, T.C.; Turi, G.K.; Malet, P.F.; Friedel, D.M.; Grendell, J.H. High yield of same-session EUS-guided liver biopsy by 19-gauge FNA needle in patients undergoing EUS to exclude biliary obstruction. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2012, 75, 310–318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ching-Companioni, R.A.; Diehl, D.L.; Johal, A.S.; Confer, B.D.; Khara, H.S. 19 G aspiration needle versus 19 G core biopsy needle for endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy: A prospective randomized trial. Endoscopy 2019, 51, 1059–1065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mok, S.R.S.; Diehl, D.L.; Johal, A.S.; Khara, H.S.; Confer, B.D.; Mudireddy, P.R.; Kovach, A.H.; Diehl, M.M.; Kirchner, H.L.; Chen, Z.E. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biopsy in chronic liver disease: A randomized comparison of 19-G FNA and 22-G FNB needles. Endosc. Int. Open 2019, 7, E62–E71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mohan, B.P.; Shakhatreh, M.; Garg, R.; Ponnada, S.; Adler, D.G. Efficacy and safety of EUS-guided liver biopsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2019, 89, 238–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Patel, H.K.; Saxena, R.; Rush, N.; Patel, S.K.; Dasari, C.S.; Mneimneh, W.; Quickery, A.; Rahal, M.A.; Temnykh, L.; DeWitt, J.; et al. A Comparative Study of 22G versus 19G Needles for EUS-Guided Biopsies for Parenchymal Liver Disease: Are Thinner Needles Better? Dig. Dis. Sci. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Khan, M.A.; Grimm, I.S.; Ali, B.; Nollan, R.; Tombazzi, C.; Ismail, M.K.; Baron, T.H. A meta-analysis of endoscopic ultrasound-fine-needle aspiration compared to endoscopic ultrasound-fine-needle biopsy: Diagnostic yield and the value of onsite cytopathological assessment. Endosc. Int. Open. 2017, 5, E363–E375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Shuja, A.; Alkhasawneh, A.; Fialho, A.; Fialho, A.; Shukri, A.; Harris, C.; Smotherman, C.; Malespin, M.; de Melo, S.W., Jr. Comparison of EUS-guided versus percutaneous and transjugular approaches for the performance of liver biopsies. Dig. Liver Dis. 2019, 51, 826–830. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khurana, S.; Butt, W.; Khara, H.S.; Johal, A.S.; West, S.F.; Chen, Z.E.; Berger, A.L.; Diehl, D.L. Bi-lobar liver biopsy via EUS enhances the assessment of disease severity in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatol. Int. 2019, 13, 323–329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mok, S.R.S.; Diehl, D.L. The Role of EUS in Liver Biopsy. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 2019, 21, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, K.X.; Ben, Q.W.; Jin, Z.D.; Du, Y.Q.; Zou, D.W.; Liao, Z.; Li, Z.S. Assessment of morbidity and mortality associated with EUS-guided FNA: A systematic review. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2011, 73, 283–290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saracco, G.M.; Evangelista, A.; Fagoonee, S.; Ciccone, G.; Bugianesi, E.; Caviglia, G.P.; Abate, M.L.; Rizzetto, M.; Pellicano, R.; Smedile, A. Etiology of chronic liver diseases in the Northwest of Italy, 1998 through 2014. World J. Gastroenterol. 2016, 22, 8187–8193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Boursier, J.; Cales, P. Clinical interpretation of Fibroscan(R) results: A real challenge. Liver Int. 2010, 30, 1400–1402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Brunt, E.M. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Semin. Liver Dis. 2004, 24, 3–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Diehl, D.L. Endoscopic Ultrasound-guided Liver Biopsy. Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am. 2019, 29, 173–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bazerbachi, F.; Vargas, E.J.; Matar, R.; Storm, A.C.; Mounajjed, T.M.; Topazian, M.D.; Levy, M.J.; Chandrasekhara, V.; Abu Dayyeh, B.K. EUS-guided core liver biopsy sampling using a 22-gauge fork-tip needle: A prospective blinded trial for histologic and lipidomic evaluation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2019, 90, 926–932. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Saab, S.; Phan, J.; Jimenez, M.A.; Grotts, J.F.; Walters, L.; Hathaway, K.A.; Patel, K.R.; Lankarani, A.; Herman, M.; Holloman, D.A.; et al. Endoscopic Ultrasound Liver Biopsies Accurately Predict the Presence of Fibrosis in Patients With Fatty liver. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2017, 15, 1477–1478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shah, N.D.; Sasatomi, E.; Baron, T.H. Endoscopic Ultrasound-guided Parenchymal Liver Biopsy: Single Center Experience of a New Dedicated Core Needle. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2017, 15, 784–786. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Diehl, D.L.; Johal, A.S.; Khara, H.S.; Stavropoulos, S.N.; Al-Haddad, M.; Ramesh, J.; Varadarajulu, S.; Aslanian, H.; Gordon, S.R.; Shieh, F.K.; et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy: A multicenter experience. Endosc. Int. Open 2015, 3, E210–E215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gor, N.; Salem, S.B.; Jakate, S.; Patel, R.; Shah, N.; Patil, A. Histological adequacy of EUS-guided liver biopsy when using a 19-gauge non-Tru-Cut FNA needle. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2014, 79, 170–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nieto, J.; Khaleel, H.; Challita, Y.; Jimenez, M.; Baron, T.H.; Walters, L.; Hathaway, K.; Patel, K.; Lankarani, A.; Herman, M.; et al. EUS-guided fine-needle core liver biopsy sampling using a novel 19-gauge needle with modified 1-pass, 1 actuation wet suction technique. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2018, 87, 469–475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gleeson, F.C.; Clayton, A.C.; Zhang, L.; Clain, J.E.; Gores, G.J.; Rajan, E.; Smyrk, T.C.; Topazian, M.D.; Wang, K.K.; Wiersema, M.J.; et al. Adequacy of endoscopic ultrasound core needle biopsy specimen of nonmalignant hepatic parenchymal disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2008, 6, 1437–1440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dewitt, J.; McGreevy, K.; Cummings, O.; Sherman, S.; Leblanc, J.K.; McHenry, L.; Al-Haddad, M.; Chalasani, N. Initial experience with EUS-guided Tru-cut biopsy of benign liver disease. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2009, 69, 535–542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nakai, Y.; Samarasena, J.B.; Iwashita, T.; Park, D.H.; Lee, J.G.; Hu, K.Q.; Chang, K.J. Autoimmune hepatitis diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy using a new 19-gauge histology needle. Endoscopy 2012, 44 (Suppl. 2 UCTN), E67–E68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sey, M.S.; Al-Haddad, M.; Imperiale, T.F.; McGreevy, K.; Lin, J.; DeWitt, J.M. EUS-guided liver biopsy for parenchymal disease: A comparison of diagnostic yield between two core biopsy needles. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2016, 83, 347–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hasan, M.K.; Kadkhodayan, K.; Idrisov, E.; Ali, S.; Rafiq, E.; Ben-Ami Shor, D.; Abdel-Jalil, A.; Navaneethan, U.; Bang, J.; Varadarajulu, S.; et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy using a 22-G fine needle biopsy needle: A prospective study. Endoscopy 2019, 51, 818–824. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- tenBerge, J.; Hoffman, B.J.; Hawes, R.H.; Van Enckevort, C.; Giovannini, M.; Erickson, R.A.; Catalano, M.F.; Fogel, R.; Mallery, S.; Faigel, D.O.; et al. EUS-guided fine needle aspiration of the liver: Indications, yield, and safety based on an international survey of 167 cases. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2002, 55, 859–862. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chon, H.K.; Yang, H.C.; Choi, K.H.; Kim, T.H. Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Liver Biopsy Using a Core Needle for Hepatic Solid Mass. Clin. Endosc. 2019, 52, 340–346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ichim, V.A.; Chira, R.I.; Mircea, P.A. Diagnostic yield of endoscopic ultrasound-guided biopsy of focal liver lesions. Med. Pharm. Rep. 2019, 92, 15–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nguyen, P.; Feng, J.C.; Chang, K.J. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of liver lesions. Gastrointest. Endosc. 1999, 50, 357–361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DeWitt, J.; LeBlanc, J.; McHenry, L.; Ciaccia, D.; Imperiale, T.; Chappo, J.; Cramer, H.; McGreevy, K.; Chriswell, M.; Sherman, S. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology of solid liver lesions: A large single-center experience. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2003, 98, 1976–1981. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McGrath, K.; Brody, D.; Luketich, J.; Khalid, A. Detection of unsuspected left hepatic lobe metastases during EUS staging of cancer of the esophagus and cardia. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2006, 101, 1742–1746. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, Y.N.; Moon, J.H.; Kim, H.K.; Choi, H.J.; Choi, M.H.; Kim, D.C.; Lee, T.H.; Lee, T.H.; Cha, S.W.; Kim, S.G.; et al. Usefulness of endoscopic ultrasound-guided sampling using core biopsy needle as a percutaneous biopsy rescue for diagnosis of solid liver mass: Combined histological-cytological analysis. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2015, 30, 1161–1166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oh, D.; Seo, D.W.; Hong, S.M.; Song, T.J.; Park, D.H.; Lee, S.S.; Lee, S.K.; Kim, M.H. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration can target right liver mass. Endosc. Ultrasound 2017, 6, 109–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Reference | Patients No. | Technical Success, % | Diagnostic Yield, % | Needle Used | PPG mm Hg (Mean, Range) | Complications, N (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fujii et al. [29] Case report | 1 | 100 | 100 | FNA/22G | 1 | None |
Huang et al. [31] Prospective | 28 | 100 | 100 | FNA/25G | 8.2 (1.5–19) | None |
Reference | Patients No. | Technical Success (%) | Diagnostic Yield (%) | Specimen Length in mm (Median, Range) | Complete Portal Tracts (Median, Range) | Complications, N (%) | Needle Passes (Median) | Needle Used/Size |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pineda et al. [40] Retrospective study | 110 | 100 | 98 | 38 (24–81) | 14 (9–27) | 0 | - | FNA/19G |
Shuja et al. [47] Retrospective study | 69 | 100 | 100 | 45.8 (mean) | 10.84 (mean) | 0 | 3 | FNA/19G |
Stavropoulos et al. [41] Prospective case series | 22 | 100 | 91 | 36.9 (2–184.6) | 9 (1–73) | 0 | 2 (1–3) | FNA/19G |
Diehl et al. [58] Prospective non-randomized study | 110 | 100 | 98 | 38 (0–203) | 14 (0–68) | 1 (0.9) a | 1.5 (1–2) | FNA/19 |
Gor et al. [59] Retrospective case series | 10 | 100 | 100 | 13 (6–23) | 8 (6–15) | 0 | - | FNA/19G |
Reference | Patients No. | Technical Success (%) | Diagnostic Yield (%) | Specimen Length in mm (Median, Range) | Complete Portal tracts (Median, Range) | Complications, N (%) | Needle Passes (Median) | Needle Used/Size |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shah et al. [57] Retrospective study | 24 | 100 | 96 | 65.6 (17–167.4) | 32.5 (5–85) | 2 (8.3) b | 2 (1–3) | SharkCore/19G |
Nieto et al. [60] Retrospective study | 165 | 100 | 100 | 60 (43–80) | 18 (13–24) | 3 (1.8) c | 1 | SharkCore/19G |
Mathew et al. [39] Case report | 2 | 100 | 100 | - | - | 0 | - | Quickcore/19G |
Ching et al. [42] Prospective randomized trial | 20 20 | 100 100 | 100 100 | 114 (mean) 153.2 (mean) | 16.5 (6–38) 38 (0–81) | 8 (40) d 7 (35) d | - - | FNA/19 Acquire/19G |
Mok et al. [43] Prospective randomized trial | 40 40 | 100 100 | 88 68 | - - | - - | 0 1 (2.5) e | - - | FNA/19G Sharkcore/22G |
Patel et al. [45] Retrospective study | 30 50 28 27 | 100 100 100 100 | 66.7 46 82.1 81.5 | I.8 (mean) 4.7 (mean) I.9 (mean) 8.4 (mean) | 6.9 (mean) 3 (mean) 7.3 (mean) 16.9 (mean) | - - - - | - - - - | Acquire/22G Quickcore/19G Procore/19G Expect/19G |
Gleeson et al. [61] Retrospective study | 9 | 100 | 100 | 13 (8–28) | 7 (5–8) | 0 | 2 (1–3) | Quickcore/19 |
DeWitt et al. [62] Prospective case series | 21 | 100 | 90.5 | 9 (1–23) | 2 (0–10) | 0 | 3 (1–4) | Quickcore/19 |
Nakai et al. [63] Case report | 1 | 100 | 100 | 15 | 8 | 0 | 1 | ProCore/19 |
Sey et al. [64] Prospective cross-sectional study | 45 30 | 100 100 | 73.3 96.7 | 9 (0–25) 20 (5–60) | 2 (0–15) 5 (0–24) | 2 (4.4) f 0 | 3 2 | Quickcore/19 ProCore/19 |
Hasan et al. [65] Prospective non-randomized study | 40 | 100 | 100 | 55 (44.5–68) | 42 (28.5–53) | 6 (15) g | - | Acquire/22G |
Reference | Patients No. | Technical Success (%) | Diagnostic Yield (%) | Specimen Length in mm (Median, Range) | Complete Portal Tracts (Median, Range) | Complications, N (%) | Needle Passes (Median) | Needle Used/Size |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Saab et al. [56] Retrospective case series | 47 | 100 | 100 | 65 (46-80) | 18 (14–24) | 2 (4.2) a | 1 | SharkCore/19G |
Bazerbachi et al. [55] Prospective blinded trial | 21 | 100 | 100 | 24 (20–27.5) | 26 (7–62) | 6 (7) b | 2 | SharkCore/22 |
Dewitt et al. [62] Prospective case series | 9 | 100 | 77.8 | 8 (1–13) | 2 (0–9) | 0 | 3 | Quickcore/19G |
Gleeson et al. [61] Retrospective case series | 6 | 100 | 100 | 11.5 (8–27) | 7 (5–8) | 0 | 2 (1–3) | Quickcore/19G |
Gor et al. [59] Retrospective case series | 4 | 100 | 100 | 11 (6–23) | 6.5 (6–14) | 0 | - | FNA/19G |
Stavropoulos et al. [41] Prospective case series | 5 | 100 | 100 | 32.2 (12.5–58.7) | 9 (4–13) | 0 | 1 | FNA/19G |
Shah et al. [57] Retrospective | 11 | 100 | 100 | 71.1 (17.1–167.4) | 33 (23–85) | - | 2 (1–3) | SharkCore/19G |
Reference | Patients No. | Diagnostic Yield (%) | Complications, N (%) | Needle Passes, Median | Needle Used/Size |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ichim et al. [4] Prospective study | 48 | 98 | 0 | 2 | FNA/22G |
Sing et al. [18] Prospective study | 26 | 98 | 0 | 2.1 | FNA/22 |
TenBerge et al. [66] Retrospective study | 167 | 95.8 | 6 (3.6) a | - | FNA/- |
Chon et al. [67] Retrospective study | 58 | 89.7 | 1 (1.7) b | 2 | FNB ProCore/20 or 22 or 25G |
Nguyen et al. [69] Prospective study | 14 | 100 | 0 | 2 | FNA/22G |
DeWitt et al. [70] Retrospective study | 77 | 91 | 0 | 3.4 (mean) | FNA/22 |
McGrath et al. [71] Retrospective study | 5 | 100 | 0 | 2 | FNA/22 |
Lee et al. [72] Prospective study | 21 | 90.5 | 0 | 2 | FNB/20G or 22G or 25G |
Oh D. et al. [73] Prospective observational study | 47 | 90.5 | 0 | 3 | FNA/22 or 25 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Sbeit, W.; Kadah, A.; Mahamid, M.; Pellicano, R.; Mari, A.; Khoury, T. A State-of-the-Art Review on the Evolving Utility of Endoscopic Ultrasound in Liver Diseases Diagnosis. Diagnostics 2020, 10, 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10080512
Sbeit W, Kadah A, Mahamid M, Pellicano R, Mari A, Khoury T. A State-of-the-Art Review on the Evolving Utility of Endoscopic Ultrasound in Liver Diseases Diagnosis. Diagnostics. 2020; 10(8):512. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10080512
Chicago/Turabian StyleSbeit, Wisam, Anas Kadah, Mahmud Mahamid, Rinaldo Pellicano, Amir Mari, and Tawfik Khoury. 2020. "A State-of-the-Art Review on the Evolving Utility of Endoscopic Ultrasound in Liver Diseases Diagnosis" Diagnostics 10, no. 8: 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10080512
APA StyleSbeit, W., Kadah, A., Mahamid, M., Pellicano, R., Mari, A., & Khoury, T. (2020). A State-of-the-Art Review on the Evolving Utility of Endoscopic Ultrasound in Liver Diseases Diagnosis. Diagnostics, 10(8), 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10080512