Do Maternal Stress and Depressive Symptoms in Perinatal Period Predict the Lactation Mastitis Occurrence? A Retrospective Longitudinal Study in Greek Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Screening Tools
2.4. Ethical Issues
2.5. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Characteristics
3.2. Mental Health Characteristics
3.3. Multivariate Binary Logistic Regression Analyses
4. Discussion
4.1. The Psycho-Emotional Factors which Predict the Occurrence of Lactation Mastitis
4.2. The Relationship between Perinatal Mental Health Disorders and Lactation Mastitis
4.3. The Benefits of Early Detection for Perinatal Mental Health Disorders
4.4. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic Characteristics | N/M | %/SD | Range | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 32.9 | 3.9 | 21–41 | |
Education | ||||
High School | 110 | 17.7 | ||
Bachelor’s Degree | 416 | 66.9 | ||
Master’s/PhD | 96 | 15.4 | ||
Total | 622 | 100.0 | ||
Marital Status | ||||
Married | 524 | 84.2 | ||
Not Married | 19 | 3.1 | ||
Single Parent Family | 5 | 0.8 | ||
Living With a Partner | 74 | 11.9 | ||
Total | 622 | 100.0 | ||
Monthly Income | ||||
0–500 euros | 158 | 25.4 | ||
501–1000 euros | 288 | 46.3 | ||
>1000 euros | 176 | 28.3 | ||
Total | 622 | 100.0 | ||
Perinatal/Health Characteristics | ||||
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) Symptoms | 3.68 | 1.86 | 0–8 | |
Pregnancy after In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) procedure | ||||
No | 569 | 91.5 | ||
Yes | 53 | 8.5 | ||
Total | 622 | 100.0 | ||
Smoking Before Pregnancy | ||||
No | 400 | 64.3 | ||
Yes | 222 | 35.7 | ||
Total | 622 | 100.0 | ||
Smoking During Pregnancy | ||||
No | 573 | 92.1 | ||
Yes | 49 | 7.9 | ||
Total | 622 | 100.0 | ||
Type of Delivery | ||||
Vaginal | 312 | 50.2 | ||
Caesarian Section | 310 | 49.8 | ||
Total | 622 | 100.0 | ||
Woman’s Birth Satisfaction | ||||
Not at all/Little | 66 | 9.6 | ||
Neither Satisfied nor Dissatisfied | 104 | 15.9 | ||
Mostly Satisfied | 232 | 35.2 | ||
Completely Satisfied | 220 | 39.3 | ||
Total | 622 | 100.0 | ||
Newborn Weight | ||||
1500–2500 | 48 | 7.8 | ||
2500–3500 | 421 | 67.8 | ||
>3500 | 151 | 24.4 | ||
Total | 622 | 100.0 | ||
Twins | 14 | 2.3 | ||
Newborn’s Admission to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) | ||||
No | 529 | 85.0 | ||
<8 days | 69 | 11.1 | ||
8–15 days | 13 | 2.1 | ||
>15 days | 11 | 1.8 | ||
Total | 622 | 100.0 | ||
Breastfeeding Characteristics | ||||
Newborn Feeding in the Hospital | ||||
Exclusive Breastfeeding | 444 | 71.4 | ||
Breastfeeding and Formula | 158 | 25.4 | ||
Formula | 20 | 3.2 | ||
Total | 622 | 100.0 | ||
Newborn Feeding at 1st Month | ||||
Exclusive Breastfeeding | 472 | 75.9 | ||
Breastfeeding and Formula | 134 | 21.5 | ||
Formula | 16 | 2.6 | ||
Total | 622 | 100.0 | ||
Any Breastfeeding Duration | 0–30 | |||
No Breastfeeding | 14 | 2.3 | ||
≤6 months | 156 | 25.2 | ||
7–24 months | 452 | 72.4 | ||
Total | 622 | 100.0 | ||
Exclusive Breastfeeding Duration or Breastfeeding Duration Without any Formula | 0–30 | |||
No Breastfeeding | 58 | 9.3 | ||
≤6 months | 203 | 32.6 | ||
7–24 months | 361 | 58.1 | ||
Total | 622 | 100.0 | ||
Presence of Mastitis | ||||
No | 521 | 83.8 | ||
Yes | 101 | 16.2 | ||
Total | 622 | 100.0 |
N/M | %/SD | |
---|---|---|
Women’s Mental Health Status | ||
No history of mental health disorders/No risk factors/ Normal Scores on Psychometric Tools | 227 | 36.5 |
With Risk Factors in Mental Health History | 295 | 47.4 |
Increased Scores using Psychometric Tools | 100 | 16.1 |
Total | 622 | 100.0 |
Symptoms of Mental Health Disorders | ||
Without | 283 | 45.5 |
Anxiety Symptoms | 169 | 27.2 |
Depression Symptoms | 64 | 10.3 |
Anxiety and Depression | 106 | 17.0 |
Total | 622 | 100.0 |
Psychotherapy During Perinatal Period | ||
No | 549 | 88.4 |
Yes | 72 | 11.6 |
Total | 622 | 100.0 |
Received Psychotropic Medication During Perinatal Period | ||
No | 617 | 99.2 |
Yes | 5 | 0.8 |
Total | 622 | 100.0 |
Psychotherapy in the Past (Before Pregnancy) | ||
No | 346 | 55.6 |
Yes | 276 | 44.4 |
Total | 622 | 100.0 |
Presence of Traumatic Life Events in the last year | ||
No | 492 | 79.1 |
Yes | 131 | 20.9 |
Total | 622 | 100.0 |
B | S.E. | p | Exp(B) | R² | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EPDS—before Birth (between 34th and 38th gestation week) | 0.114 | 0.046 | 0.014 | 1.120 | 0.044 |
PASS—before Birth (between 34th and 38th gestation week) | 0.058 | 0.029 | 0.041 | 1.060 | 0.103 |
EPDS—at 6 Weeks Postpartum | 0.084 | 0.029 | 0.004 | 1.088 | 0.043 |
PMS Symptoms | 0.132 | 0.059 | 0.025 | 1.141 | 0.014 |
Traumatic Life Events | 0.940 | 0.418 | 0.025 | 0.391 | 0.024 |
Psychotherapy in the Past (before pregnancy) | 0.636 | 0.324 | 0.050 | 1.888 | 0.014 |
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Dagla, M.; Dagla, C.; Mrvoljak-Theodoropoulou, I.; Sotiropoulou, D.; Kavakou, A.-T.; Kontiza, E.; Antoniou, E. Do Maternal Stress and Depressive Symptoms in Perinatal Period Predict the Lactation Mastitis Occurrence? A Retrospective Longitudinal Study in Greek Women. Diagnostics 2021, 11, 1524. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11091524
Dagla M, Dagla C, Mrvoljak-Theodoropoulou I, Sotiropoulou D, Kavakou A-T, Kontiza E, Antoniou E. Do Maternal Stress and Depressive Symptoms in Perinatal Period Predict the Lactation Mastitis Occurrence? A Retrospective Longitudinal Study in Greek Women. Diagnostics. 2021; 11(9):1524. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11091524
Chicago/Turabian StyleDagla, Maria, Calliope Dagla, Irina Mrvoljak-Theodoropoulou, Dimitra Sotiropoulou, Aikaterini-Taxiarchoula Kavakou, Eleni Kontiza, and Evangelia Antoniou. 2021. "Do Maternal Stress and Depressive Symptoms in Perinatal Period Predict the Lactation Mastitis Occurrence? A Retrospective Longitudinal Study in Greek Women" Diagnostics 11, no. 9: 1524. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11091524