Validity and Reliability of the Staden Schizophrenia Anxiety Rating Scale
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Assessments and Measuring Instruments
2.3. Procedures and Ethics Approval
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Features
3.2. Convergent and Criterion-Related Validity
3.3. Discriminant Validity
3.4. Internal Consistency and Split-Half Reliability
3.5. Standard Error of Measurement
3.6. Structural Validity and Consistency of Measurement
3.7. Inter-Rater Reliability
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Descriptive Feature | All Data Sets n = 353 | Data Set No 1 n = 60 | Data Set No 2 n = 51 | Data Set No 3 n = 242 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 74.5% n = 263 | 80% n = 48 | 76.5% n = 39 | 72.7% n = 176 |
Female | 25.5% n = 90 | 20% n = 12 | 23.5% n = 12 | 27.3% n = 66 | |
Age | Minimum | 18 | 19 | 19 | 18 |
Maximum | 64 | 60 | 64 | 62 | |
Mean | 36.7 | 33.8 | 37.0 | 37.4 | |
Standard Deviation | 11.0 | 10.4 | 13.3 | 10.6 |
Instrument | Descriptive | Combined Data Sets | Data Set No 1 n = 60 | Data Set No 2 n = 51 | Data Set No 3 n = 242 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Staden Schizophrenia Anxiety Rating Scale (S-SARS) | Mean | 6.75 | 14.58 | 18.88 | 2.26 |
SD | 9.52 | 9.62 | 10.13 | 4.67 | |
95% CI 1 of the mean | 5.79–7.75 | 12.28–16.82 | 16.12–21.64 | 1.66–2.85 | |
Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) | Mean | 11.05 | 10.85 | 11.29 | No data |
SD | 9.03 | 10.68 | 6.68 | No data | |
95% CI of the mean | 9.48–12.68 | 8.32–13.42 | 9.45–13.18 | No data | |
Calgary Depressive Symptoms Scale (CDSS) | Mean | 5.69 | 5.05 | 6.45 | 1.33 |
SD | 5.69 | 5.81 | 5.50 | 2.78 | |
95% CI of the mean | 4.54–6.73 | 3.58–6.47 | 5.02–7.94 | 0.98–1.69 | |
Barnes Akathisia Scale (BAS) | Mean | 1.04 | 0.5 | 1.67 | No data |
SD | 1.69 | 1.2 | 1.96 | No data | |
95% CI of the mean | 0.73–1.39 | 0.22–0.83 | 1.18–2.24 | No data | |
Structured Clinical Interview for Positive and Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia (SCI-PANSS) | Mean | 100.76 | 103.43 | 97.61 | No data |
SD | 16.0 | 13.87 | 17.83 | No data | |
95% CI of the mean | 97.78–103.92 | 99.95–106.77 | 92.83–102.59 | No data | |
Avolitional items on the SCI-PANSS (G13, N2, N4 on SCI-PANSS) | Mean | 12.65 | 10.28 | 10.18 | 13.76 |
SD | 3.40 | 2.85 | 2.99 | 3.01 | |
95% CI of the mean | 12.29–13.0 | 9.52–11.02 | 9.33–10.94 | 13.38–14.14 |
Instrument | Mean | Standard Deviation | 95% Confidence Interval of the Mean |
---|---|---|---|
Vigour Assessment Scale (VAS) | 12.02 | 25.42 | 8.81–15.24 |
Personal Growth and Initiative Scale-II (PGIS–II) | 39.59 | 13.66 | 37.86–41.32 |
Behaviour inhibition (BIS) | 19.82 | 4.38 | 19.19–20.37 |
Drive (BAS-D) | 11.24 | 3.16 | 10.84–11.61 |
Reward-responsiveness (BAS-RS) | 16.14 | 3.24 | 15.17–16.54 |
Fun-seeking (BAS-FS) | 10.78 | 2.92 | 10.39–11.15 |
Procrastination Scale (ProcS) | 56.64 | 12.17 | 55.1–58.2 |
Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) | 24.96 | 8.70 | 23.86–26.06 |
Instruments | S-SARS n = 353 | HAM-A n = 353 | CDSS n = 353 | BAS n = 111 | SCI-PANSS n = 111 | Avolitional Items on SCI-PANSS n = 111 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S-SARS | 1 | 0.711 | 0.722 | 0.418 | 0.455 | −0.268 |
HAM-A | 0.711 | 1 | 0.581 | 0.320 | 0.258 | 0.123 |
CDSS | 0.722 | 0.581 | 1 | 0.368 | 0.407 | 0.315 |
BAS | 0.418 | 0.320 | 0.368 | 1 | 0.235 | 0.190 |
SCI-PANSS | 0.455 | 0.258 | 0.407 | 0.235 | 1 | 0.679 |
Avolitional items on SCI-PANSS | −0.268 | 0.123 | 0.315 | 0.190 | 0.679 | 1 |
2 S-SARS Item n = 60 | 1 Function 1 | 1 Function 2 |
---|---|---|
Item 10: Impairment owing to anxiety | 3 0.652 | 0.271 |
Item 3: Anxiety attacks | 3 0.622 | −0.461 |
Item 6: Somatic anxiety | 3 0.574 | 0.067 |
Item 8: Worry and fear | 3 0.457 | 0.331 |
Item 9: Control-related anxiety | 3 0.349 | 0.268 |
Item 4: Situational anxiety | 3 0.204 | −0.168 |
Item 5: Obsessive-compulsive anxiety | 3 0.170 | −0.081 |
Item 1: Persecutory and nihilistic anxiety | 0.378 | 3 0.532 |
Item 7: Psychomotor and cognitive agitation | 0.221 | 3 0.495 |
Item 2: Perceptual anxiety | 0.295 | 3 0.467 |
n = 60 | SCID Diagnostic Groups | Predicted Group Membership | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No anxiety | Anxiety disorder not otherwise specified | Specified anxiety disorder | ||||
1 Original | Frequency | No anxiety | 17 | 1 | 0 | 18 |
Anxiety disorder not otherwise specified | 2 | 19 | 1 | 22 | ||
Specified anxiety disorder | 0 | 3 | 17 | 20 | ||
% | No anxiety | 94.4 | 5.6 | 0 | 100 | |
Anxiety disorder not otherwise specified | 9.1 | 86.4 | 4.5 | 100 | ||
Specified anxiety disorder | 0 | 15 | 85 | 100 | ||
2,3 Cross-Validated | Frequency | No anxiety | 15 | 3 | 0 | 18 |
Anxiety disorder not otherwise specified | 5 | 14 | 3 | 22 | ||
Specified anxiety disorder | 0 | 4 | 16 | 20 | ||
% | No anxiety | 83.3 | 16.7 | 0 | 100 | |
Anxiety disorder not otherwise specified | 22.7 | 63.6 | 13.6 | 100 | ||
Specified anxiety disorder | 0 | 20.0 | 80.0 | 100 |
Validity Calculation | Percentage |
---|---|
Accuracy | 95% |
Sensitivity | 95.2% |
Specificity | 94.4% |
Positive predictive value | 97.6% |
Negative predictive value | 89.5% |
Miss rate or false negative rate | 4.8% |
Fall out or false positive rate | 5.6% |
False discovery rate | 2.4% |
False omission rate | 10.5% |
Measure | S-SARS | VAS | PGIS | BIS | BAS-D | BAS-RS | BAS-FS | ProcS | FAS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S-SARS | 1 | −0.279 | −0.128 | 0.389 | −0.127 | −0.034 | −0.147 | 0.268 | 0.335 |
VAS | −0.279 | 1 | 0.662 | −0.045 | 0.531 | 0.542 | 0.421 | −0.656 | −0.684 |
PGIS | −0.128 | 0.662 | 1 | 0.127 | 0.577 | 0.583 | 0.513 | −0.529 | −0.492 |
BIS | 0.389 | −0.045 | 0.127 | 1 | 0.142 | 0.256 | 0.198 | 0.109 | 0.237 |
BAS-D | −0.127 | 0.531 | 0.577 | 0.142 | 1 | 0.676 | 0.642 | −0.434 | −0.376 |
BAS-RS | −0.034 | 0.542 | 0.583 | 0.256 | 0.676 | 1 | 0.678 | −0.426 | −0.389 |
BAS-FS | −0.147 | 0.421 | 0.513 | 0.198 | 0.642 | 0.678 | 1 | −0.295 | −0.288 |
ProcS | 0.268 | −0.656 | −0.529 | 0.109 | −0.434 | −0.426 | −0.295 | 1 | 0.618 |
FAS | 0.335 | −0.684 | −0.492 | 0.237 | −0.376 | −0.389 | −0.288 | 0.618 | 1 |
Internal Consistency Indicator | Combined Data Sets n = 353 | Data Set No 1 n = 60 | Data Set No 2 n = 51 | Data Set No 3 n = 242 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cronbach’s alpha coefficient | Items 1–10 | 0.931 | 0.875 | 0.875 | 0.891 |
Split halves | Cronbach α (Items 1–5) | 0.804 | 0.686 | 0.749 | 0.647 |
Cronbach α (Items 6–10) | 0.917 | 0.849 | 0.792 | 0.885 | |
Correlation coefficient | 0.882 | 0.772 | 0.815 | 0.837 | |
Spearman–Brown coefficient | 0.937 | 0.872 | 0.898 | 0.911 | |
Guttman Split-Half coefficient | 0.928 | 0.864 | 0.897 | 0.874 | |
Standard error of measurement (SEM) | 2.50 | 3.40 | 3.58 | 1.54 |
S-SARS Item | 1,2 Single Factor |
---|---|
Item 10: Impairment owing to anxiety | 0.893 |
Item 8: Worry and fear | 0.891 |
Item 1: Persecutory and nihilistic anxiety | 0.870 |
Item 9: Control-related anxiety | 0.846 |
Item 6: Somatic anxiety | 0.812 |
Item 2: Perceptual anxiety | 0.781 |
Item 7: Psychomotor and cognitive agitation | 0.732 |
Item 3: Anxiety attacks | 0.731 |
Item 4: Situational anxiety | 0.543 |
Item 5: Obsessive-compulsive anxiety | 0.423 |
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Van Staden, W.; Dlagnekova, A.; Naidu, K. Validity and Reliability of the Staden Schizophrenia Anxiety Rating Scale. Diagnostics 2022, 12, 831. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12040831
Van Staden W, Dlagnekova A, Naidu K. Validity and Reliability of the Staden Schizophrenia Anxiety Rating Scale. Diagnostics. 2022; 12(4):831. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12040831
Chicago/Turabian StyleVan Staden, Werdie, Antonia Dlagnekova, and Kalai Naidu. 2022. "Validity and Reliability of the Staden Schizophrenia Anxiety Rating Scale" Diagnostics 12, no. 4: 831. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12040831